tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17829526377473198012024-03-06T00:00:05.673-08:00Taste of TorahA weekly drash on the parashah, leaving you with something to ponder and hopefully the sweet taste of Torah.Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.comBlogger354125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-41780218314106427622018-11-14T14:38:00.000-08:002018-11-14T14:38:35.165-08:00Thrice Daily / Parshat Vayeitzei
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<br />
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">There’s an old joke about a Jewish astronaut who is part of a
successful space mission. When it returns to earth, his colleagues look
wonderful—vital and healthy—but the Jewish astronaut looks exhausted and
haggard. “What’s wrong?” people ask. He responds, “Every ninety minutes,
Shacharit, Minchah, Ma’ariv; Shacharit, Minchah, Ma’ariv.” </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">Jewish tradition prescribes three daily prayer services:
morning, afternoon, and evening. The source of these is found in the daily
Temple sacrifices and the requirements to recite Shema evening</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;"> and morning,</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;"> yet the Rabbis sought to connect the three
daily prayer services with the three patriarchs, grounding them in the
personal, spontaneous prayers of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. <i>When </i>they
prayed determines when we pray, the Rabbis tell us, but <i>why </i>they prayed
may give us clues about the purpose of prayer. </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">Parshat Vayeitzei</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;"> begins with a leave-taking. Jacob, having
cheated his brother Esau out of their father Isaac’s blessing, flees the home
tent in Beersheba and heads to Haran. Fearing Esau’s wrath, Jacob needs a safe
hideout, which he will find with his uncle Laban, the brother of Rebekah.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="FreeForm" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .45in; margin-right: .7in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיֵּצֵא</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יַעֲקֹב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מִבְּאֵר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">שָׁבַע</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>; </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיֵּלֶךְ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">חָרָנָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>. </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיִּפְגַּע</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">בַּמָּקוֹם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיָּלֶן</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">שָׁם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כִּי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">בָא</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיִּקַּח</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מֵאַבְנֵי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הַמָּקוֹם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיָּשֶׂם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מְרַאֲשֹׁתָיו</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>; </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיִּשְׁכַּב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">בַּמָּקוֹם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הַהוּא</span><b><span style="background: white; color: #008cb4; font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: #008cb4; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Jacob left Beersheba and set out for Haran. He encountered a
certain place and stopped there for the night, for the sun had set. Taking one
of the stones of that place, he put it under his head and lay down in that
place</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #008cb4; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">. (Genesis 28:10-11)</span></b><b><span style="color: #008cb4; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: #060606; font-family: "Cambria",serif;">Va-yifga ba-makom </span></i><span style="color: #060606; font-family: "Cambria",serif;">— What does “he encountered
the place” mean? The Rabbis read much into two Hebrew words. The term “<i>makom</i>”
is among the stable of favorite terms the Rabbis use to connote God, the Place
of the universe</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">. </span><span style="color: #060606; font-family: "Cambria",serif;">That night Jacob encountered
God for the first time and was inspired to pray to God. His prayer established
Ma’ariv, the evening prayer service. As R. Yehoshua b. Levi explains, Abraham
established Shacharit, the morning prayers; Isaac established Minchah, the
afternoon prayers; and now Jacob establishes Ma’ariv, the evening prayers:</span><span style="color: #060606; font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R. Yehoshua b. Levi said, “The first fathers established three
prayers. Abraham established the Shacharit (morning) prayer as it says, <i>Abraham
woke up early in the morning to go to the place where he had stood before
God</i> (Genesis 19:27) and there is no standing (Amidah), except in
prayer, as it says, </span></b><b><i><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pinchas</span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> stood and
prayed </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">(Psalm 106:30). Isaac
established the Minchah (afternoon) prayer, as it says, <i>Isaac went out
to </i></span></b><b><i><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">converse</span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> in the field</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> (Genesis
24:63) and there is no conversation aside for prayer, as it says, <i>I
will pour out my conversation in front of [God</i>] (Psalm 142:3). Jacob
establish the Aravit (or: Ma’ariv, evening) prayer, as it says,<i> he
encountered the place</i> (Genesis 28:11) and there is no encounter aside
for prayer, it says, <i>do not raise a cry of prayer on their behalf and
do not plead with Me</i>… (Jeremiah 7:16).” (Genesis Rabbah 68:9)</span></b><b><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">The Rabbis derive each set of daily prayers based on a term in
the verse cited, and then prove<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that the
term actually means “prayer” by its use in yet another verse. We will explain
each in turn, and as we do, let us also consider the situation and emotions
that inspired the patriarchs to pray. </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">We begin with Abraham: When Genesis 19:27 says that Abraham “stood
before God,” the term “stood” refers to the Amidah (standing prayer). This is
reinforced by Psalm 106:30, which says that Pinchas “stood and prayed.” Abraham
has been through a lot with and for God. He left his homeland and family in
obedience to God’s call, settled in a new and foreign place, circumcised
himself and all the males in his household to forge a covenant with God, and
negotiated with God concerning the fate of Sodom and Gomorrah. In Genesis
19:27, Sodom and Gomorrah have been annihilated with sulfurous fire from
heaven. When morning dawns and Abraham arises and stands before Adonai, imagine
his horror and terror as he looks over the plain of destruction, smoke rising “like
the smoke of a kiln.” It is in this moment, at dawn, R. Yehoshua b. Levi tells
us, that Abraham feels the need to pray. Thus Abraham is credited with
establishing Shacharit, the morning prayers.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Isaac “converses” in
the field just before he meets Rebekah (Genesis 24:63). R. Yehoshua b. Levi
explains that “converse” connotes prayer, as we learn from Psalm 142:3, where
Pinchas’ conversation is with God is termed prayer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Isaac, who lived his life quietly in the tent
of his mother until his father took him on a “camping trip” and came close to
sacrificing him on an altar—which the Rabbis say so traumatized Sarah that she
died upon learning what happened— awaits the arrival of his bride, whom Eliezer
is bringing from abroad. Isaac’s prayer derives for his longing for a wife,
made all the more poignant by this grief for his lost mother.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;"> Since it is “toward evening” (v. 63),
Isaac is credited with establishing Minchah, the afternoon prayers.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">Jacob provides the third instance of prayer. R. Yehoshua b.
Levi understands Isaac's “encounter” with God to be an act of prayer, supported
by Jeremiah 7:16, where the phrase “do not encounter [meaning: plead with]” is
parallel to “do not pray,” thereby establishing “encounter” as a synonym for
prayer. Jacob is running for his life, keenly aware that he has cheated his
brother out of the birthright and stolen from him their father’s blessing.
Jacob is carrying a heavy load of guilt with him when he reaches out for God in
prayer. Since this happened “after sundown” (see Genesis 28:10-11 above), Jacob
is credited with establishing Ma’ariv, the evening prayers.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">Anne Lamott wrote that there are three essential prayers:
Help, Thanks, and Wow. R. Yehoshua b. Levi, however, suggests a different three
essential prayers: <b>I’m scared; I need; and I’m sorry</b>. Abraham turns to
God in terror, horrified by the annihilation of Sodom and Gomorrah. Isaac turns
to God out of his longing and need for a wife to comfort him. Jacob turns to
God when he is mired in guilt. Fear, longing, and guilt are all impetuses to
prayer, emotions that inspire us to look for <b>help</b>, <b>strength</b>, and <b>comfort</b>.
R. Yehoshua b. Levi is telling us that when our emotions overwhelm us, when
they are a burden too heavy to carry alone, we can share them to God. </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">There is a prayer I often recite prior to <i>El Malei Rachamim</i>
or <i>Kaddish</i> at a funeral, whose origin I cannot recall, but one
particular sentence of it is germane here: “In life and in death, we cannot go
where You, O God, are not, and where You are, hope endures.” We reach out to God
when we are afraid, when we are long for something, and when we are wracked
with guilt, because God offers hope: hope to hold strong and not be overcome by
our fear, hope that our worthy desires may be fulfilled, hope that we can
repent and be forgiven. The thrice daily formal prayers offer us ample
opportunities to pray, but in truth we can at pray any time, in any place,
because as this same midrash also reminds us: “God is <i>ha-Makom </i>the place
of the universe, but the universe is not God’s place.” (Genesis Rabbah 68:9)
God is not limited by time or space and therefore God is all the time and
everywhere available for us.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> The daily Tamid
and Minchah offerings in the Temple were “replaced” by Shacharit (morning
prayers) and Minchah (afternoon prayers). Torah requires that Shema be said “when
you lie down and when you rise up,” hence Shacharit includes a recitation of
Shema. Ma’ariv (evening prayers) also includes a recitation of Shema to cover
nighttime requirement to say Shema, but since Ma’ariv does not correspond to an
offering in the Temple, the Rabbis debated whether it was optional or
obligatory (and eventually decided it was obligatory). This notwithstanding,
there is a formulation of the Shema to recited at bedtime. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Rebekah will be
Isaac’s wife, but she will also take the place of his mother: </span><i><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Isaac then brought [Rebekah] into the tent of his
mother Sarah, and he took Rebekah as his wife. Isaac loved her, and thus found
comfort after his mother’s death. </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">(Genesis 24:67-68)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--EndFragment--><br />Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-18698030838122902672018-06-22T12:00:00.000-07:002018-06-22T12:00:20.699-07:00Athens and Jerusalem / Parshat Chukkat<style type="text/css">
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>My husband has somehow gotten me see movies I would never have imagined I would have the slightest interest in seeing. In the past few years I’ve seen Guardians of the Galaxy, the Avengers, Wonder Woman, Thor: Ragnarok, and Black Panther. And this doesn’t even scratch the surface: there are dozens of them out and more being released every month. So I’ve been thinking about the worldview and values that undergird these movies and how deeply they contrast with biblical and rabbinic worldview and so much of Jewish values.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>As recounted in this week’s parashah Chukkat, in the aftermath of Miriam’s death, the Israelites find themselves bereft not only of Miriam, but also of the well that followed them through the Wilderness for her sake. They are scared. They panic.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><b>וְלֹא</b></span><span class="s2"><b>-</b></span><span class="s1"><b>הָיָה</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>מַיִם</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>לָעֵדָה</b></span><span class="s2"><b>; </b></span><span class="s1"><b>וַיִּקָּהֲלוּ</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>עַל</b></span><span class="s2"><b>-</b></span><span class="s1"><b>מֹשֶׁה</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>וְעַל</b></span><span class="s2"><b>-</b></span><span class="s1"><b>אַהֲרֹן</b></span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The community was without water and they joined against Moses and Aaron. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><b>וַיָּרֶב</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>הָעָם</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>עִם</b></span><span class="s2"><b>-</b></span><span class="s1"><b>מֹשֶׁה</b></span><span class="s2"><b>; </b></span><span class="s1"><b>וַיֹּאמְרוּ</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>לֵאמֹר</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>וְלוּ</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>גָוַעְנוּ</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>בִּגְוַע</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>אַחֵינוּ</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>לִפְנֵי</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>יְהוָה</b></span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The people quarreled with Moses, saying, “If only we had perished when our brothers perished at the instance of Adonai!” </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><b>וְלָמָה</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>הֲבֵאתֶם</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>אֶת</b></span><span class="s2"><b>-</b></span><span class="s1"><b>קְהַל</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>יְהוָה</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>אֶל</b></span><span class="s2"><b>-</b></span><span class="s1"><b>הַמִּדְבָּר</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>הַזֶּה</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>לָמוּת</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>שָׁם</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>אֲנַחְנוּ</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>וּבְעִירֵנוּ</b></span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Why have you brought God’s congregation into this wilderness for us and our beasts to die there?</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><b>וְלָמָה</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>הֶעֱלִיתֻנוּ</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>מִמִּצְרַיִם</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>לְהָבִיא</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>אֹתָנוּ</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>אֶל</b></span><span class="s2"><b>-</b></span><span class="s1"><b>הַמָּקוֹם</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>הָרָע</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>הַזֶּה</b></span><span class="s2"><b>: </b></span><span class="s1"><b>לֹא</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>מְקוֹם</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>זֶרַע</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>וּתְאֵנָה</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>וְגֶפֶן</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>וְרִמּוֹן</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>וּמַיִם</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>אַיִן</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>לִשְׁתּוֹת</b></span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Why did you make us leave Egypt to bring us to this wretched place, a place with no grain or figs or vines or pomegranates? There is not even water to drink!”</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Moses and Aaron retreat to the Tent of Meeting to ask God to solve things. God instructs them to assemble the people where, in the sight of all, God will produce water from a rock. Moses, however, furious and fed up, accuses the people of rebellion and strikes the rock twice with his rod. Water comes out—plenty of water—but God condemns Moses and Aaron to die in the wilderness and never enter Eretz Yisrael. This, Torah tells us, are the Waters of Meribah, the waters of bitterness.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Here is a story in which Moses stands up for God in the face of the people’s yet-again turning against God. He acts forcefully and decisively to secure for them water to prevent death and destruction. Yet…not only does God </span><span class="s3">not</span><span class="s1"> appreciate Moses’ efforts, but God punishes him most severely. What’s going on here?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>The late 2</span><span class="s4"><sup>nd</sup></span><span class="s1">/early 3</span><span class="s4"><sup>rd</sup></span><span class="s1"> century Church Father Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertllianus, if you like full, formal names) was the first person to write about the two major streams of Western Thought and compare them. His shorthand, still in use today, was “Jerusalem and Athens,” employing the two cities as emblems of two entirely different cultures, worldviews, and value systems: the Greco-Roman world and the Hebrew world, which some call the Judeo-Christian world.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>The 19</span><span class="s4"><sup>th</sup></span><span class="s1"> century poet-philosopher Heinrich Heine described the different between Athens and Jerusalem this way: For Athens, beauty is truth. For Jerusalem, truth is beauty. The 20</span><span class="s4"><sup>th</sup></span><span class="s1"> century </span><span class="s5">German-American political philosopher and classicist Leo Strauss expressed it this way:</span><span class="s1"> Athens represents the life of free intellectual inquiry; Jerusalem represents the life of humble obedience to God’s law. The 20th century philosopher William Barrett expressed it this way: the Greeks idealized philosophical speculation as the height of human accomplishment; for the Hebrews moral and ethical conduct marked the summit of human achievement.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>For Athens—the Greco-Roman world—power and conquest are of ultimate importance. The virtues of power, strength, and courage, toughness and righteous indignation were, accordingly, revered. God’s like Zeus and heroes like Achilles embodied these values.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>For Jerusalem—the Hebrew world—what has been termed the “cooperative virtues” are prized: compassion, humility, love, faithfulness, forgiveness. Of Abraham, God says:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><b>כִּי</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>יְדַעְתִּיו</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>לְמַעַן</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>אֲשֶׁר</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>יְצַוֶּה</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>אֶת</b></span><span class="s2"><b>-</b></span><span class="s1"><b>בָּנָיו</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>וְאֶת</b></span><span class="s2"><b>-</b></span><span class="s1"><b>בֵּיתוֹ</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>אַחֲרָיו</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>וְשָׁמְרוּ</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>דֶּרֶךְ</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>יְהוָה</b></span><span class="s2"><b>, </b></span><span class="s1"><b>לַעֲשׂוֹת</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>צְדָקָה</b></span><span class="s2"><b> </b></span><span class="s1"><b>וּמִשְׁפָּט</b></span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For I have singled out Abraham, that he may instruct his children and his posterity to see the way of Adonai by doing what is just and right…</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>In the world of Athens, heroes emulated gods, gods who were conceived in the human image, combative, competitive, jealous, and violent. In the world of Jerusalem, the righteous emulate God, and the Rabbis are clear about what this means. In the Talmud (Sotah 14a) they ask: What is the meaning of the verse from Deuteronomy, “You shall walk after Adonai your God”? It means you shall emulate God’s character traits. Then the Rabbis supply us with four examples of God’s character: God clothes the naked, visits the sick, comforts the bereaved, and buries the dead. This is what it means to be godlike, to act in a godly manner. This is Jewish strength, Jewish courage.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>The dichotomy between Athens and Jerusalem is played out, day in and day out, in our lives. These two sets of values, two sets of virtues, are played out on Capitol Hill and on the Southern Border. Will we put on a show of strength? Or compassion? Will we project toughness and righteous indignation? Or will we exhibit the humility to consider the ideas of others? Is our goal conquest or cooperation? The conflict between Athens and Jerusalem has been playing out day in and day out for two millennia. We, the children of Abraham, who understand our mission to be the priests and teachers of humanity, seek not conquest, but redemption. The world needs our perspective, our values, our world view now more than ever. Shabbat shalom.</span></span></div>
<br />Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-76816415266254246262018-04-06T08:15:00.005-07:002018-04-06T08:17:43.038-07:00Harvest of Hypocrisy / Parshat Shemini 2018/5778<style type="text/css">
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">It is like opening an oyster and discovering within a gleaming pearl when<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>a sublime and profound spiritual lesson springs from the interpretation of a seemingly unrelated matter, in this case, the halakhah of kashut (the laws concerning what is kosher to eat and what is not). Much of Parshat Shemini is devoted to the laws of kashrut. With regard to mammals, Torah’s standards are simple: an animal that chews its cud and has cloven hooves is permissible:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">וַיְדַבֵּר</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">יְהוָה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אֶל</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">מֹשֶׁה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">וְאֶל</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">אַהֲרֹן</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">לֵאמֹר</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אֲלֵהֶם</span><span class="s2">. </span><span class="s1">דַּבְּרוּ</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אֶל</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">בְּנֵי</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">יִשְׂרָאֵל</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">לֵאמֹר</span><span class="s2">: </span><span class="s1">זֹאת</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הַחַיָּה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אֲשֶׁר</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">תֹּאכְלוּ</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">מִכָּל</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">הַבְּהֵמָה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אֲשֶׁר</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">עַל</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">הָאָרֶץ</span><span class="s2">. </span><span class="s1">כֹּל</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">מַפְרֶסֶת</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">פַּרְסָה</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">וְשֹׁסַעַת</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">שֶׁסַע</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">פְּרָסֹת</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">מַעֲלַת</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">גֵּרָה</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">בַּבְּהֵמָה</span><span class="s2">--</span><span class="s1">אֹתָהּ</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">תֹּאכֵלוּ</span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Adonai spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying to them: Speak to the Israelite people thus: These are the creatures that you may eat from among all the land animals: any animal that has true hooves, with clefts through the hooves and that chews the cud—such you may eat. (Leviticus 11:1–3)</span></span></blockquote>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Accordingly, cows, sheep, goats, deer, and gazelles are acceptable as food because they both chew the cud and have cloven hooves. However, dogs, which possess neither attribute, are not kosher (I can hear many of you heaving a sigh of relief).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The criteria—requiring rumination and cloven hooves—seem clear enough, yet Torah proceeds to specify animals that have one of the two attributes, but not the other.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1">אַךְ</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אֶת</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">זֶה</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">לֹא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">תֹאכְלוּ</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">מִמַּעֲלֵי</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הַגֵּרָה</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">וּמִמַּפְרִסֵי</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הַפַּרְסָה</span><span class="s2">: </span><span class="s1">אֶת</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">הַגָּמָל</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">כִּי</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">מַעֲלֵה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">גֵרָה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הוּא</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">וּפַרְסָה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אֵינֶנּוּ</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">מַפְרִיס</span><span class="s2">--</span><span class="s1">טָמֵא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הוּא</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">לָכֶם</span><span class="s2">. </span><span class="s1">וְאֶת</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">הַשָּׁפָן</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">כִּי</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">מַעֲלֵה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">גֵרָה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הוּא</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">וּפַרְסָה</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">לֹא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">יַפְרִיס</span><span class="s2">; </span><span class="s1">טָמֵא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הוּא</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">לָכֶם</span><span class="s2">. </span><span class="s1">וְאֶת</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">הָאַרְנֶבֶת</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">כִּי</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">מַעֲלַת</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">גֵּרָה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הִוא</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">וּפַרְסָה</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">לֹא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הִפְרִיסָה</span><span class="s2">; </span><span class="s1">טְמֵאָה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הִוא</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">לָכֶם</span><span class="s2">. </span><span class="s1">וְאֶת</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">הַחֲזִיר</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">כִּי</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">מַפְרִיס</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">פַּרְסָה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הוּא</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">וְשֹׁסַע</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">שֶׁסַע</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">פַּרְסָה</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">וְהוּא</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">גֵּרָה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">לֹא</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">יִגָּר</span><span class="s2">; </span><span class="s1">טָמֵא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הוּא</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">לָכֶם</span><span class="s2">. </span><span class="s1">מִבְּשָׂרָם</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">לֹא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">תֹאכֵלוּ</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">וּבְנִבְלָתָם</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">לֹא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">תִגָּעוּ</span><span class="s2">; </span><span class="s1">טְמֵאִים</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הֵם</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">לָכֶם</span><span class="s2">. </span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The following, however, of those that either chew the cud or have true hooves, you shall not eat: the camel—although it chews the cud, it has no true hooves: it is unclean for you; the daman—although it chews the cud, it has no true hooves: it is unclean for you; the hare—although it chews the cud, hat has no true hooves: it is unclean for you; and the swine—although it has true hooves, with the hooves cleft through, it does not chew the cud: it is unclean for you. You shall not eat of their flesh or touch their carcasses; they are unclean for you. (Leviticus 11:4–8)</span></span></blockquote>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">We could understand the list as a clarification of the important religious distinction between permissible and impermissible animals and move on. The Rabbis, however, single out the example of the swine to teach an important lesson about hypocrisy.</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Just as the swine, when reclining, puts forth its hooves as if to say, “See that I am kosher,” so too does the Roman Empire boast as it commits violence and robbery under the guise of establishing a judicial tribunal. This may be compared to a governor who put to death the thieves, adulterers and sorcerers. He leaned over to a counselor and said, “I myself did these things in one night.” (Leviticus Rabbah 13:5)</span></span></blockquote>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Mammals with only one of the two requisite attributes are like hypocrites who cry, “I’m legitimate—see how my hooves are cloven!” or “I’m permissible—see how I chew my cud!” to distract us from the truth of their disqualifying attributes.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Rabbi Ephaim Shlomo of Lutzshitz (1550–1619, author of the commentary K’li Yakar, whose title became his sobriquet) takes the midrasnhic lesson one step further, revealing in Torah’s seemingly unnecessary listing of animals a pearl of sublime truth and deep wisdom. The K’li Yakar observed that Torah might have more efficiently noted the missing attribute that disqualified the animal and left it at that. Yet it includes the seemingly superfluous information concerning the “kosher” attribute each animal <i>does </i>have.</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>The camel that chews the cud.</i><b> </b>The text should just have said, “it has no true [i.e., split] hooves" since this is the real principle of its impure status, and so, too, for the daman and the hare. This is a difficulty. Also, too, with the swine it says, “although it has true hooves" but it should just have stated "because it does not chew the cud.” <b>Why does the text begin regarding all these animals with the signs of possibly being kosher, and then add later the sign of their non-kosher status?</b> This is because both signs add to its non-kosher status. This is like what [the Rabbis in the midrash Leviticus Rabbah 13:5, cited above] said: the pig is a symbol for Esau [i.e., the Roman empire] in that the pig extends his hooves as if to say it is kosher, while inside it is filled with deceit and fraud, and this teaches applies to everyone whose insides are not like their outsides, such as the hypocrites that pretend to be kosher but are without doubt worse than the complete scoundrel, since [the scoundrel's] insides are like his outsides, all devoted to evil… And so the split hooves of the pig are a sign to its impurity since because of those hooves it can mislead people, pretending it is kosher…</span></span></blockquote>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">K’li Yakar goes so far as to say that people who make <i>no</i> effort to hide their dishonesty are in some regards <i>more </i>trustworthy than people who pretend to be honest although they are not. The latter—hypocrites—are far more dangerous because their modus operand is fraud and deception. As Nobel laureate André Gide pointed out in his novel <i>The Counterfeiters</i>, “The true hypocrite is the one who ceases to perceive his deception, the one who lies with sincerity.”[1]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The world abounds in hypocrites. The latest “pig” who “puts forth its hooves as if to say, ‘See that I am kosher’” is Fox News’ Laura Ingraham, who began her journalistic career at Dartmouth College by outing gay students in her role as editor-in-chief of <i>The Dartmouth Review.</i> She sent a reporter undercover to a confidential LGBTQ meeting to secretly record the conversations. As <i>The New York Times<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i> reported in 1984 shortly after the incident, Ingraham outed them, publishing excerpts of the conversation at the Gay Students Association meeting and even printing their names.[2] Ingraham claimed that “freedom of the press” trumped the oath of confidentiality everyone present at the gathering had pledged. She went on in her career to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></div>
<ul class="ul1">
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<li class="li1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s3"></span><span class="s1">compare same-sex marriage to state-sanctioned incest</span></span></li>
<li class="li1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s3"></span><span class="s1">mock migrant children fleeing violence in Central America</span></span></li>
<li class="li1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s3"></span><span class="s1">claim that Mexican immigrants “come here to murder and rape our people” <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></li>
<li class="li1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s3"></span><span class="s1">suggest that those who reenter the country after being deported should “be shot crossing the border”<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></li>
<li class="li1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s3"></span><span class="s1">attack civil rights leaders and organizations</span></span></li>
<li class="li1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s3"></span><span class="s1">claim that the NAACP is “a push organization for racist sentiments”<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></li>
<li class="li1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s3"></span><span class="s1">counsel us all to wear Depends rather than share bathrooms with transgendered people<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></li>
<li class="li1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s3"></span><span class="s1">exhort Muslims to “stay in the Middle East”<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></li>
<li class="li1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s3"></span><span class="s1">criticize voter registration as “the politics of division.”<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">(To hear audio for all these and more outrageous claims, click <a href="https://www.mediamatters.org/blog/2016/11/18/17-worst-attacks-potential-trump-press-secretary-laura-ingraham-has-made-latinos-civil-rights-groups/214555"><span class="s4">here</span></a>.)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Apparently, once a troll always a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_troll"><span class="s4">troll</span></a>.[3] Recently, Ingraham revealed in a tweet that David Hogg, a Parkland survivor and leader of the student protests, was rejected by four colleges to which he applied (despite, by the way, a 4.2 GPA). It was a malicious ad hominem attack, typical of a troll. Hogg called on Ingraham’s advertisers to boycott her show to demonstrate that her behavior was unacceptable. The response was swift. Bayer, Nestle, Wayfair, Hulu, Johnson & Johnson, TripAdvisor, Nutrish pet food, Stitch Fix personal style service, Expedia, and Atlantis Paradise Island all announced that they had pulled their ads. While I am not a fan of boycotts, I understand the desire to exert pressure. In this case, Ingraham’s response reveals the depth of her cynical hypocrisy.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">What did Ingraham do? Just what you would expect a “pig" to do: She proffered a public apology, the hypocrisy of which she did not even attempt to conceal: “On reflection, in the spirit of Holy Week, I apologize for any upset or hurt my tweet caused him or any of the brave victims of Parkland.” How many ways is this apology wrong? It’s clear that her “apology” was a business move to lure back her advertisers. It was not a sincere apology. Want more proof? She did not apology for <i>her behavior</i>, but rather for any “upset or hurt” her words caused. In other words: Those who are offended are the problem, not me. A sincere apology notes what the one offering the apology did wrong. Next: She offered her so-called apology “in the spirit of Holy Week,” which has absolutely nothing to do with the need to apologize when one has offended. Were it not Holy Week, would she not need to apologize? The mention of Holy Week was a slick and slimy attempt to suggest to those who read her tweets that the onus is on Hogg to forgive her, forgiveness being a major theme of the Christian Holy Week. Furthermore, Ingraham extended her “apology” by public tweet, not by calling Hogg and talking to him directly and privately, which a sincere apology would require.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Ingraham’s coldly cynical hypocrisy is the sort K’li Yakar had in mind. Recall André Gide’s words: “The true hypocrite is the one who ceases to perceive his deception, the one who lies with sincerity.” These are the most dangerous liars and hypocrites. Sadly there is no shortage of them today. There are, happily, legions of people—from superb journalists to idealistic high school students—who ferret them out and reveal them as the hypocrites they are, helping us all see through the thick much of their lies. Our job is to keep our antenna tuned to the truth-tellers.</span></span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">[1] </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">André Gide, </span><i>The Counterfeiters</i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, trans. Dorothy Bussy (1973: Vintage Books), p. 427.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1">[2] </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/16/us/dartmouth-group-privacy-battle-concord-nh-july-15-ap-student-reporter-s-taping.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/16/us/dartmouth-group-privacy-battle-concord-nh-july-15-ap-student-reporter-s-taping.html</a><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">. Also https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/laura-ingraham-dartmouth-lgbtq-group_us_5ac3c6fbe4b09712fec54b7b.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">[3] </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">See Rabbi David Seidenberg’s piece in “Dorf on Law” at http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2018/04/once-troll-always-troll.html.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">© Rabbi Amy Scheinerman</span></b></span></div>
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</style>Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-88804236671129278392018-03-21T12:06:00.003-07:002018-03-21T12:06:49.577-07:00Sharing Power / Parshat Tzav 2018-5778
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Do you know how to sing </span><i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">shalshelet</i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">? When my eldest child was twelve, she and I signed up for a</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZZx9OIizTw2CzbEHs6AMaKVp1rWs5rePRUfWv_pAU10HvanWao5uYJ8coKQRqFImn0hpbuaCLcqkyF8xct2ijnGm1_449hV3AJeHYRoLaVmtKdwXzL5bQBGBwoR9RffTXUbxCEgexbI4/s1600/shalshelet.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="65" data-original-width="105" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZZx9OIizTw2CzbEHs6AMaKVp1rWs5rePRUfWv_pAU10HvanWao5uYJ8coKQRqFImn0hpbuaCLcqkyF8xct2ijnGm1_449hV3AJeHYRoLaVmtKdwXzL5bQBGBwoR9RffTXUbxCEgexbI4/s200/shalshelet.png" width="200" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">class in </span><i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">ta’amei ha-mikra</i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">, the cantillation signs for chanting Torah and Haftarah. Also known as trop, the signs specify the musical phrases for chanting sacred texts.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">I had never been able to master trop before then, but with a reliable study partner and a teacher who was prepared,</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">pleasant, and patient, I finally succeeded. The most difficult trop to master was </span><i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">shalshelet</i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">, which means “chain.” It is a long and complex series of notes—a </span><i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">pazeir</i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> on steroids—that lengthens the word to which it is applied, drawing it out to convey that the subject of the passage is hesitating and wrestling mightily with conscience or an inner urge before acting.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkRq4VyVygX7zKauo4dZkSazj00OZNkV0ClZeWt6okvxk6-5Zh6iOCGr-t7GA4Vu4RRkclEQc4OEqj19lLcRVrIA36yu3XOorJirjXgPc3WvRMK0kIAknHtqcRXc02srw6oUytWt-Gub8/s1600/chain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="800" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkRq4VyVygX7zKauo4dZkSazj00OZNkV0ClZeWt6okvxk6-5Zh6iOCGr-t7GA4Vu4RRkclEQc4OEqj19lLcRVrIA36yu3XOorJirjXgPc3WvRMK0kIAknHtqcRXc02srw6oUytWt-Gub8/s200/chain.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><i>Shalshelet </i>occurs only four times in the Torah. One of the four is found in this week’s parashah, Tzav, in Torah’s description of the sacrifices Moses brought to be slaughtered on the occasion of the anointment of Aaron as High Priest by his brother, Moses.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;"><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">וַיַּקְרֵב</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">אֶת</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">הָאַיִל</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">הַשֵּׁנִי</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">אֵיל</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">הַמִּלֻּאִים</span><span class="s2">; </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">וַיִּסְמְכוּ</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">אַהֲרֹן</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">וּבָנָיו</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">אֶת</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">יְדֵיהֶם</span><span class="s2">--</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">עַל</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">רֹאשׁ</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">הָאָיִל</span><span class="s2">.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s2"> <b> </b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>וַיִּשְׁחָט</b></span><span class="s2">--</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">וַיִּקַּח</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">מֹשֶׁה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">מִדָּמוֹ</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">וַיִּתֵּן</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">עַל</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">תְּנוּךְ</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">אֹזֶן</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">אַהֲרֹן</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">הַיְמָנִית</span><span class="s2">; </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">וְעַל</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">בֹּהֶן</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">יָדוֹ</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">הַיְמָנִית</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">וְעַל</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">בֹּהֶן</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">רַגְלוֹ</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">הַיְמָנִית</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;"> <span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[Moses] brought forward the second ram, the ram of ordination. Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the ram’s head. </span><span class="s3" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><i>Moses slaughtered</i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b> </b>[the ram] and took some of its blood and put it on the ridge of Aaron’s right ear, and on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe of his right foot. (Leviticus 8:22-23)</span></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The moment Moses sacrifices the ram and daubs its blood on Aaron’s ear, thumb, and toe, ordaining him ever after as the High Priest of Israel, the balance of authority and power shift. Moses has held the reins of leadership from the first moment he approached Pharaoh. Aaron has been by his side to help, support, and assist—but Moses possessed the authority and direct connection with God. Now Moses is transferring divine authority to his brother, Aaron, who will act in the realm of the Mishkan (Tabernacle) without consulting Moses. Aaron will herewith wield power and command respect not merely as the brother of Moses, but in his own right as the High Priest. What is more, Aaron will hand down the office of High Priest to his own—but not Moses’—progeny. The <i>shalshelet</i> on “he slaughtered” gives voice to Moses’ hesitation, to his inner struggle in the moment he slaughters the ram, ordains Aaron, and thereby transfers a large measure of his authority: there is no going back. Moses and Aaron have embarked on a new power sharing arrangement.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Sacrificing the ram mirrors Moses’ sacrifice of a significant measure of his own leadership authority. Moses sacrificed the ram, acting in the role of the High Priest, at the inauguration of Aaron and his sons—this is the last time he does so.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The Talmud imagines that Moses’ experience of loss is magnified by having nearly become the High Priest himself. The Talmud recalls that when Moses encountered God at the burning bush, Moses expressed reluctance to lead Israel, claiming he was unfit and asking God to assign someone else as God’s agent. God’s frustration and anger were evident at the time.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1">וַיִּחַר</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">אַף</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">יְהוָה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">בְּמֹשֶׁה</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">וַיֹּאמֶר</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הֲלֹא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אַהֲרֹן</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אָחִיךָ</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הַלֵּוִי</span><span class="s2">--</span><span class="s1">יָדַעְתִּי</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">כִּי</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">דַבֵּר</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">יְדַבֵּר</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הוּא</span><span class="s2">; </span><span class="s1">וְגַם</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הִנֵּה</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="s1">הוּא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">יֹצֵא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">לִקְרָאתֶךָ</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="s1">וְרָאֲךָ</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">וְשָׂמַח</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">בְּלִבּוֹ</span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;"> <span class="s1" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Adonai became angry with Moses and said, “There is your brother Aaron the Levite. He, I know, speaks readily. Even now he is setting out to meet you, and he will be happy to see you.” (Exodus 4:14)</span><span class="s4"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The Talmud interprets God’s words to mean that originally God intended Moses to be the High Priest and Aaron to be a Levite.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1">ר</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="s1">ש</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">בן</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">יוחי</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אומר</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אף</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">זה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">נאמר</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">בו</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">רושם</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">שנאמר</span><span class="s2"> (</span><span class="s1">שמות</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">ד</span><span class="s2">) </span><span class="s1">הלא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אהרן</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אחיך</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הלוי</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">והלא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">כהן</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הוא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הכי</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">קאמר</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אני</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אמרתי</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">אתה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">כהן</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">והוא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">לוי</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">עכשיו</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">הוא</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">כהן</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">ואתה</span><span class="s2"> </span><span class="s1">לוי</span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #7f6000; font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">R. Shimon b. Yochai said: …it is said, </span><i style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">There is your brother Aaron the Levite</i><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">. Now surely [Aaron] was a priest? Rather, this is what God meant: “I had intended that you would be a priest and he would be a Levite. Now, however, he will be a priest and you will be a Levite.” (BT Zevachim 102a)</span></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">As a result of Moses’ reluctance to lead Israel, God had a change of heart and designated Aaron to serve as Israel’s High Priest—which meant that all descended from him would be kohanim—in place of Moses. Moses, who could virtually taste the priesthood, felt he had forfeited what might have been his.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">There are many times in our lives when we surrender authority we feel ought to have been ours, or might have been ours, or could have been ours—or truly was ours. Our family and personal relationships, as well as communal endeavors and professional partnerships, require us to share power and authority, give in to the needs, desires, and talents of others, shift our expectations of how things will be, and often reshape our self-image. Like Moses, we may hesitate, perhaps experiencing regret, reticence, fear, or even loathing. Moses’ hesitation, his inner struggle, not only mirrors our own, but affirms how natural the reluctance is to hand over the reins to another. But so too is Moses a wonderful model for carrying through with power sharing, a leader who puts the needs of others ahead of his own ego needs.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">© Rabbi Amy Scheinerman</span></b></span></div>
<br />Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-83062562447215671732017-06-09T10:10:00.002-07:002017-06-09T10:10:41.143-07:00Power & Prophecy / Parshat Be-ha'alotekha 2017-5777<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">Yesterday,
James Comey testified in open session before the Senate Intelligence Committee
concerning his interactions with the most powerful political figure in America,
and arguably the world, President Donald Trump. </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/22/firing-comey-was-a-grave-abuse-of-power"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">Jeffrey Toobin</span></a></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;"> stated that firing Commey was a “grave
abuse of power.” He reminds us that in 1974, two Republican senators and one
Republican representative visited Richard Nixon in the White House to inform
him that the party would no longer support his egregious abuse of power because
“they chose to put the interests of their country ahead of the partisan
concerns of the G.O.P.” Toobin asks whether any Republican today will place
country above party. Toobin addresses the firing of James Comey, former
director of the FBI. There is far more to consider now that Comey has testified.
Nicole Serratore, writing on the op-ed page of today’s </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/08/opinion/james-comey-and-the-predator-in-chief.html?ref=opinion&_r=0"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">New York Times</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">,</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;"> begins:</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">As I listened to
James B. Comey, the former F.B.I. director, tell the Senate Intelligence
Committee about his personal meetings and phone calls with President Trump, I
was reminded of something: the experience of a woman being harassed by her
powerful, predatory boss. There was precisely that sinister air of coercion, of
an employee helpless to avoid unsavory contact with an employer who is trying
to grab what he wants.</span></b><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Cambria",serif;">I recommend reading her piece. If nothing else, it will help
people understand the experience of far too many women. She concludes:</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Victims
of sexual harassment often face skepticism, doubts and accusations when they
tell their story. That’s part of the predator’s power. But I’m here to tell
James Comey, and all the women and men who have suffered at the hands of
predators, I believe you.</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">Many
people see power as the engine that powers, well, just about everything. The
use and loss of power, not to mention the distribution and concentration of
power, are summoned to analyze history and politics. Literature often focuses
on power relationships (our most recent festivals of Purim and Pesach—consider
the <i>Book of Esther </i>and <i>Exodus—</i>are prime examples). Even marital
and family dynamics are often (insightfully) viewed though the lens of power.
Power is a recurrent theme in the <i>Book of Numbers </i>and this week’s
parashah, <i>Be-ha’alotekha</i>, delves into a biblical expression and
manifestation of power: prophecy.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">Torah
recounts that in the second month of the second year out from Egypt, the
Israelites once again complain bitterly to God. Torah places much of the blame
on the “riffraff,” but the discontent was widespread.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">The riffraff in their
midst felt a gluttonous craving; and then the Israelites wept and said, “If
only we had meat to eat! We remember the fish that we used to eat free in
Egypt, the cucumbers, the melons, the leeks, the onions, and the garlic. Now
our gullets are shriveled. There is nothing at all! Nothing but this manna to
look to!” (Numbers 11:4–6)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">The
trop of the Israelites’ complaining is well established. Similarly, God’s
reaction. Torah is clear: </span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Adonai was very angry, and Moses was distressed </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">(v. 10)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">. Things unfold in a pattern we have seen
before: the Israelites complain; Moses appeals to God; God responds but also
interprets the people’s complaint as a rejection of God, gets angry, and
punishes the Israelites. God’s response to the people’s craving for meat is
tantamount to saying, “You want meat? Be careful what you ask for!” Quail blow
in from the sea and rain down on the Israelites until they are three feet deep
in quail. And when the people have eaten as much, and often more, than they
wanted, God strikes them down with yet another plague. </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">In
his distress, Moses beseeches God to relieve him of the burden the Israelites
have become. In addition to what has come to be a recognizable pattern of
events, we find something entirely new and rather peculiar: In response, God
instructs Moses to gather seventy of Israeli’s elders and bring them to the
Tent of Meeting, where God transfers some of the holy spirit to the elders so
they can carry the burden along with Moses.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Moses went out and
reported the words of Adonai to the people. He gathered seventy of the people’s
elders and stationed them around the Tent. Then Adonai came down in a cloud and
spoke to him; [God] drew upon the spirit that was on [Moses] and put it upon
the seventy elders. And when the spirit rested upon them, they spoke in
ecstasy, but did not continue. Two men, one named Eldad and the other Medad,
had remained in camp; yet the spirit rested upon them—they were among those
recorded, but they had not gone out to the Tent—and they spoke in ecstasy in
the camp. A youth ran out and told Moses, saying, “Eldad and Medad are acting
the prophet in the camp!” And Joshua bin Nun, Moses’ attendant from his youth,
spoke up and said, My lord, Moses, restrain them!” But Moses said to him, “Are
you wrought up on my account? Would that all Adonai’s people were prophets,
that Adonai put [the holy] spirit upon them!” Moses then reentered the camp
together with the elders of Israel. (Numbers 11:24–30)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">What
is happening here? Moses finds the burden of leadership overwhelming so God
determines to share the gift of prophecy—the ultimate mantle of leadership and
God’s imprimatur—with the seventy elders. Whether God endows the seventy elders
with the same holy spirit Moses has, or whether God </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-ansi-language: NL;">siphon</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">s off some of the holy spirit that resides
in Moses and distributes it among the elders is unclear, but the text seems to
suggest the latter: the elders now share the burden of prophecy with Moses, at
least temporarily.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">What
are we to make of Eldad and Medad? They don’t appear at the Tent as directed,
yet are endowed with the power of prophecy nonetheless. When it fades from the
elders, Eldad and Medad retain the capacity for prophecy. Joshua, offended by
their behavior, urges Moses to restrain them, but Moses says he wishes all the
people could be prophets.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">Prophecy
is power: it reflects the transfer of God’s authority to a human being.
According to Rashi, Eldad and Medad remained behind in the camp out of
humility. They said, “We are not worthy of this greatness.” Torah imagines the
ideal: Eldad and Medad, who most respect the power of prophecy and feel least
worthy to possess it, are the ones who retain it.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">The
hasidic master, Rebbe Nachman of Bratzlav (1772–1810, Ukraine) understood this
story to teach us that positions of public power tend to cause a person to lose
their capacity for prophecy, which we might understand as vision.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Be wary of [public]
appointments. One who has attained a high spiritual level will develop a
craving for such positions because then people will accept their teachings, and
once their teachings are accepted, they begin to desire public responsibility. You
must guard yourself carefully against these positions of responsibility, for
they cause a person to lose the medium of prophecy—sometimes called</span></b><b><span lang="DE" style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> an angel</span></b><b><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">—that is created through a high spiritual level. This is the
meaning of Joshua’s words to Moses, when two people were seen prophesying in
the Israelite camp: </span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">“Eldad and Medad are prophesying in the camp!” [And Joshua
said,] “M</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">y lord</span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> Moses, restrain them!”</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> (Numbers 11:27-28)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times",serif;">. </span><b><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Talmud (BT Sanhedrin 17a) explains what Joshua meant by <i>“Stop
them!”</i>: Burden them with the community’s needs, and they will stop all by
themselves. From this you can see that communal needs and public responsibility
destroy and banish prophecy. “Angel” (</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE; mso-bidi-language: HE;">מלאך</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) turns into “stop them” (</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: HE; mso-bidi-language: HE;">כלאם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>). (<i>Likkutei Moharan </i>II 1:7)</span></b><b><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">It
may be that Rebbe Nachman had himself in mind when he wrote this, given that
among his followers he held a position of public authority and hence power. The
burden of responsibility can erode the capacity for prophecy, for vision—this
seems to be something that worried him. This sounds like burnout, doesn’t it?</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">But
there is another way to understand Rebbe Nachman’s words: as a cautionary note
concerning public leaders invested with power. What may begin as a reasonable
and even admirable vision of the community’s needs, and a sincere desire to
serve, can far too easily and quickly devolve into a craving for power for its
own sake that obscures whatever vision inspired the individual’s attempt to
acquire a position of responsibility in the first place. Power can be an opiate
and history has shown us many who cannot control their addiction.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-ansi-language: DE;">© Rabbi Amy
Scheinerman</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Light",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/22/firing-comey-was-a-grave-abuse-of-power"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/22/firing-comey-was-a-grave-abuse-of-power</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Light",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/08/opinion/james-comey-and-the-predator-in-chief.html?ref=opinion&_r=0"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/08/opinion/james-comey-and-the-predator-in-chief.html?ref=opinion&_r=0</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Light",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Their ecstatic
behavior signals their capacity for prophecy. According to Sifrei, “but did not
continue” signals that it was temporary—they prophesied only that one day. But
Onkelos understands the same words to mean the opposite: “but did not cease.” Accordingly,
Onkelos explains that the elders retained the capacity for prophecy. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-55988194629459728462017-04-21T08:36:00.003-07:002017-04-21T08:36:53.940-07:00What Did Nadab and Abihu Do and What Has It to Do With Us? / Parshat Shemini 2017-5777<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">The
story of the deaths of Aaron’s two sons Nadab and Abihu is bewildering and has
sparked considerably speculation concerning what they did to evoke God’s wrath
and deserve such a violent end. Told succinctly (in just three verses!) the
story generates far more questions than the words required to tell it.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">וַיִּקְחוּ</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">בְנֵי</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">-</span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אַהֲרֹן</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">נָדָב</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">וַאֲבִיהוּא</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אִישׁ</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">מַחְתָּתוֹ</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">, </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">וַיִּתְּנוּ</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">בָהֵן</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אֵשׁ</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">, </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">וַיָּשִׂימוּ</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">עָלֶיהָ</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">, </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">קְטֹרֶת</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">; </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">וַיַּקְרִיבוּ</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">לִפְנֵי</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">יְהוָה</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">, </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אֵשׁ</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">זָרָה</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">--</span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אֲשֶׁר</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">לֹא</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">צִוָּה</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">, </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אֹתָם</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">. </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">וַתֵּצֵא</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אֵשׁ</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">מִלִּפְנֵי</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">יְהוָה</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">, </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">וַתֹּאכַל</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אוֹתָם</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">; </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">וַיָּמֻתוּ</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">, </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">לִפְנֵי</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">יְהוָה</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">. </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">וַיֹּאמֶר</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">מֹשֶׁה</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אֶל</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">-</span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אַהֲרֹן</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">, </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">הוּא</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אֲשֶׁר</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">-</span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">דִּבֶּר</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">יְהוָה</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">לֵאמֹר</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">בִּקְרֹבַי</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אֶקָּדֵשׁ</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">, </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">וְעַל</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">-</span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">פְּנֵי</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;"> </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">כָל</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">-</span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">הָעָם</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">, </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אֶכָּבֵד</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">; </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">וַיִּדֹּם</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e;">, </span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke: rgb(1, 107, 158); color: #016b9e; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 12px;">אַהֲרֹן</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Now Aaron’s sons Nadab and Abihu each
took his fire pan, put fire in it, and laid incense on it; and they offered
before Adonai alien fire, which God had not enjoined upon them. And fire came
forth from God and consumed them; thus they died at the instance of God. Then
Moses said to Aaron, “This is what the Lord meant when God said: ‘Through those
near to Me I show Myself holy and gain glory before all the people.’” And Aaron
was silent. (Leviticus 10: 1-3)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Rather
than provide a review of the many interpretations that have been proffered over
the ages, I want to share with you just one from the Babylonian Talmud,
Tractate Eruvin 63a. The discussion has relevance for us, living as we do in a
society where the wisdom of the elderly, and the opinions of teachers,
scholars, experts, and figures of authority often evoke more disdain and
contempt than respect.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">The
Rabbis are discussing the imperative to respect scholars and older teachers.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Rava said, “[A disciple] is forbidden
[to render halakhic decisions] in the presence of his teacher and is liable to
death [for doing so]. If he is not in the presence of his [teacher’s] presence,
he is forbidden but not liable to death.”</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">There is no way to soften Rava’s claim. He is
telling us that Heaven will cut short the life of a student of Torah who, while
in the presence of his teacher, renders a legal decision that contradicts his
master’s opinion; to do so while not in the teacher’s presence is forbidden,
but will not result in punishment from Heaven. For Rava, countermanding one’s
teacher is tantamount to undermining his authority, a breathtaking act of
disrespect that Heaven will not tolerate. For us, it is Rava’s claim that is
breathtaking. Let’s exhale and see where the Gemara goes.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">If he is not in his [teacher’s]
presence, is he not [liable to death]? Was it not taught [in a baraita]: R.
Eliezer [ben Hyrcanus] says, “The sons of Aaron (i.e., Nadab and Abihu) did not
die until they rendered a halakhic decision in the presence of Moses their
teacher.”</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Gemara asks: Are you so sure that he doesn’t
warrant death just because he’s not in his teacher’s presence when he renders
his contrary decision? Perhaps he deserves death even when he renders a
decision at a distance from his teacher. Gemara brings a baraita that will
ultimately prove Rava correct: rendering the decision in the master’s
immediately presence is the far greater crime that provokes Heaven to
retaliate. The baraita is attributed to R. Eliezer b. Hyrcanus, one of the
primary disciples of the leader of the rabbinic community at the time of the
destruction for the Second Temple, Rabban Yochanan b. Zakkai. R. Eliezer sees a
parallel between Rava’s teaching to the story of Nadab and Abihu: he claims
they did precisely what Rava said is forbidden and that is why they died. How
do we know that Nadab and Abihu intentionally undermined or ignored Moses’ authority?
Talmud provides scriptural support:</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">What scriptural inference did they
(i.e., Nadab and Abihu) make? <i>The sons of Aaron the priest shall put fire on
the altar… </i>(Leviticus 1:7). They said, “Although [it says] <i>Fire came
forth from before Adonai </i>(Leviticus 9:24), it is a mitzvah to bring
ordinary [fire].</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Leviticus 9:24 says that God will bring forth fire
from heaven for the altar, but Nadab and Abihu concluded on their own—<i>without
consulting Moses, and that is the primary point here</i>—on the basis of
Leviticus 1:7 that they were commanded to bring fire to the altar. Leviticus
1:7 but does not specify precisely when or how to bring fire to the altar and
so the brothers brought the fire they would normally bring to the altar. The “alien
fire” of 10:1 (see above) is <i>their ordinary fire</i>, which the Talmud
understands to be in defiance of Moses’ opinion as expressed in Leviticus 9:24.
Nadab and Abihu effectively render a halakhic decision that contradicts that of
their teacher, Moses, who in Leviticus 9:24 stipulates that God will supply
divine fire. Therefore, Heaven punished them with death.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: NL;">R. Eliezer recount</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">s an episode from his experience that reflects his
interpretation of the incident surrounding the death of Aaron’</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: FR;">s sons</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">. He, too, suffered a student who rendered a
halakhic decision contrary to his own and did so in his presence.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">R. Eliezer had a disciple who
rendered a halakhic decision in his presence. R. Eliezer said to his wife Ima
Shalom, “I will be amazed if this one lives out the year.” [Ima Shalom] said to
him, “Are you a prophet?” He said, “<i>I am neither a prophet nor the son of a
prophet </i>(Amos 7:14), but I learned this [from my teachers]: Anyone who
renders a halakhic decision in the presence of his teacher is liable to death.”</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">R. Eliezer speculates that Heaven will respond
punitively to his student’s audacious act. His wife, Ima Shalom, unaware of the
teaching that students who act in this way will be punished by Heaven, asks how
he can know what will happen in the future to this student. Is he a prophet?
No, he responds, quoting a famous verse from the prophet Amos, it’s not a
matter of prophecy, but rather of Torah law: “Anyone who renders a halakhic
decision in the presence of his teacher is liable to death.”</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">So extraordinary is the claim—we’re tempted to say
radical or extreme—that the Talmud goes out of its way to let us know that R.
Eliezer’s story was not allegorical, emphasizing that it really happened.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">And Rabbah bar bar Chana said in the
name of R. Yochanan, “That disciple’s name was Yehudah b. Gurya and he was
three parasangs</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><b><sup><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="border: none; color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></b></a><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"> away from [R. Eliezer].” He was in
his presence. But [R. Yochanan] said he was three parasangs away from him! Then
according to your reasoning, why [did R. Yochanan say the disciple’s] name and
his father’s name? Only so that you would not claim that this was merely a
parable [and did not really happen].</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">But even more: There is reason to believe that the
student, who apparently died within the year, did not render his decision in
the immediate physical presence of R. Eliezer. He was three </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: DA;">parasangs</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> away (see n. 1: he was nearly 1.8 miles, well
beyond the distance that would make him liable for death; nonetheless, Heaven
saw fit to mete out the ultimate punishment. Gemara goes on to debate whether
the student was three </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: DA;">parasangs</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> away
when he rendered the decision, or lived three </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: DA;">parasangs</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> from R. Eliezer, but in the end, it concludes that
his death confirms Rava’s statement to be true.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">This interpretation of Nadab and Abihu’s death, and
the story of Yehudah b. Gurya’s demise, are troubling on many levels. On the
theological level: The claim that God operates in this way might well
contribute to greater constraint (borne of fear) on the part of students
vis-a-vis delivering legal rulings that contradict and undermine those of their
teachers, but it promotes a view of God as vindictive and punitive. Moreover,
although the intent of the teaching may be to promote respect of teachers, it
invites speculation concerning what those who suffer an untimely death may have
done to provoke the wrath of heaven, a decidedly dangerous judgmental stance to
infuse into the rabbinic community.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">On a historical level: This interpretation of what
lies behind the deaths of Nadab and Abihu signals the Rabbis’ anxiety about
their own authority, and the prospect of seeing their opinions upended by their
own students. Perhaps, given the likelihood that rabbinic authority in the
Jewish community at this time was not nearly as established, entrenched, and
respected in the broader Jewish community as the Rabbis themselves project
through their stories, Rava’s ruling<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
the supporting baraita reflect the attempt to construct the values and
procedures for embedding rabbinic authority in the culture of the Jewish
community.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">This is an anxiety felt in every generation, and in
every profession. It is about expertise, but also about basic respect for the
learning and wisdom of those who came before.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Yes, this is about the unique quality of halakhic
interpretation in the Talmudic period and the teacher-disciple relationship in
the Amoraic rabbinic world. But there is also something universal about the
anxieties expressed here. Those who are young fear they will not have the
opportunity to spread their wings and have their opinions taken seriously.
Those who are older fear they will become irrelevant, surpassed by their own
students. The Rabbis provide a useful insight for any age.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">One last thing: Rather than see ourselves in
competition for authority, we might strive for greater cooperation and sharing.
The jobs website </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://monster.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">monster.com</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> has
posted an article detailing what older and younger workers can learn from one
another. While this does not address the relationship between teacher and
disciple, or jockeying for authority, it is related because learning and
conveying various kinds of wisdom are tied up with respect and authority. The
author, Dan Woog, notes:</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: Calibri;">For the first time ever, four
distinct generations share the workplace: the Silents (who are in their
mid-60s on up), Baby Boomers (mid-40s to mid-60s), X-ers (mid-20s to mid-40s)
and Millennials (the newest workers). The work and life experiences of each
group are unique, but the divide is clearest between the two oldest generations
and the two youngest.</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><b><sup><span style="background: white; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="background: white; border: none; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></b></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria;">Nonetheless, Woog asserts, each group has something to teach
the other. Older workers can teach their younger colleagues how to cope with
hard times and regret, the importance of loyalty, and interpersonal skills;
they can share their vast experience and encourage independence and
self-reliance. Younger colleagues can help older workers to learn new
technology, and open their eyes to the value of diversity, the reality of
job-hopping, the necessity of risk-taking, the importance of balancing work and
life, and renew in them the sense that they can fulfill their dreams.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: DE;">© Rabbi Amy Scheinerman</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> A parsing is a
measure of distance: one parasa is approximately four kilometers or 2.5 miles.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> In yet another
direction, Dr. Rabbi Richard Hidary’s PhD dissertation (New York University),
"</span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KuEn7me86h4C&pg=PA155&lpg=PA155&dq=rabbinic+authority+during+talmudic+period+in+babylonia&source=bl&ots=CTGxnxHZgy&sig=6kJ3-NjPVCwWhVy197a-GLgP54I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwias7C73bXTAhUHMyYKHWxiCPYQ6AEIRTAG"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tolerance for Diversity
of Halakhic Practice in the Talmud</span></a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">," explores
the extent to which Talmudic rabbis tolerated diversity in halakhic practice, a
direct offshoot of halakhic decisions. From the abstract:</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">By comparing dozens of Yerushalmi and Bavli
parallel sugyot, we have found that the Yerushalmi generally views diversity of
practice negatively, preferring a monistic view of halakha, while the Bavli
takes a more pluralistic attitude. Tannaitic sources mostly tend towards a
monistic view, but also include some of the most strongly pluralistic
statements in rabbinic literature. </span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: 14.0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">One explanation for the split between the two
Talmuds is the difference in the distribution of the Jewish population in each
country. The rabbis in Babylonia were scattered in various cities and were thus
able to maintain independence from each other as they legislated for their
local populations. The rabbis in Palestine were concentrated in a few
neighboring cities in the north such that different practices in close
proximity lead to tension. </span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: 14.0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A second and more important explanation is
rooted in the intellectual culture of the rabbis in each location. The
Yerushalmi sees halakha as a mimetic set of static traditions and so it seeks
out the one most authentic practice. The Bavli intellectualizes halakha and so
recognizes the validity of multiple views and practices that result from
rational argumentation. This difference between the Talmuds corresponds to
findings of previous scholars regarding the value of multiple opinions and
debate.”</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">It would seem to me that
while geographic dispersion and distance might well promote a broader spectrum
of practices, given the physical impediments to travel and thereby to checking
up on what others are saying and doing, that might also augur for tightening
the reigns of authority in one’s own district. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>
<a href="https://www.monster.com/career-advice/article/generational-teachback">https://www.monster.com/career-advice/article/generational-teachback</a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-21102092638359840502017-03-28T08:40:00.001-07:002017-03-28T08:40:18.320-07:00Sacrifices and Secrets / Parshat Vayikra 2017-2777<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Three
seemingly disparate questions: If you are engaged in business, is bluffing,
lying, cheating, and offering bribes in secret wrong, or simply the tools of a
skilled deal maker? How do sacrifices brought to the Mishkan (Tabernacle) and
later to the Temple, relate to what people do in secret? If you cannot
constrain yourself from doing what is wrong, does it dishonor God more or less
to do it in secret? The answers to all three questions come together in
consideration of this week’s parashah, <i>Vayikra</i>.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">We open
the Torah this week to the <i>Book of Leviticus</i>—a priestly pocket manual on
the myriad details of the sacrificial cult. It’s not to everyone’s liking; for
some, it will feel like a slow slog for the next two months. The exciting,
challenging, and inspiring narratives of <i>Genesis</i> and <i>Exodus</i> are
behind us. Israel has escaped Egypt, received Torah, constructed the Mishkan,
and is settling in to a routine of life in the wilderness: learn God’s ways,
offer sacrifices, move forward, and mark time until the nation can enter the
Land of Israel. While <i>Leviticus</i> offers us only two narrative stories,
taken together with insightful commentaries, it feeds our souls and enriches
our lives with a wealth of wisdom concerning human nature.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Parshat
Vayikra</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> lays out the major
categories of sacrifices, the circumstances under which offerings are to be
brought, the content of the offerings, the rituals for offering them, and the
disposition of the sacrifices once made. We read about the <i>olah</i> (burnt
offering), the <i>minchah</i> (meal offering),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the <i>shelamim</i> (sacrifice of well-being), <i>chatat</i> (sin
offering), and <i>asham</i> (guilt offering). We learn the distinction between
violations committed intentionally and unintentionally. We even learn that a
person who cannot afford to bring the prescribed offering may substitute a less
costly sacrifice.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Many of
the sacrifices catalogued in <i>Vayikra</i> are to atone for sin. Torah
stipulates mechanisms for dealing with wrongs committed by one person against
another, including the consequences and fines, but ultimately sacrifices are
required because wronging another person is </span><i><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: PT;">de facto</span></i><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">sinning
against God.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">While
Torah deals with the rules and standards of behavior that are deemed violations
of the covenant, as well as the ritual mechanisms for obtaining forgiveness,
Talmud delves deeper into the nature of sin and the human psyche. In tractate <i>Chagigah</i>,
we find a mishnah that enumerates four subjects one should not speculate about
(at least, not in public) because of the danger of inadvertently enticing
others into apostasy.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> The mishnah concludes with this comment: </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">…</span></b><b><span lang="DE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: DE;">ONE WHO </span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">GIVES</span></b><b><span lang="DE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> NO THOUGHT </span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">TO THE HONOR OF THEIR CREATOR, IT
WERE BETTER HAD THEY NOT COME INTO THE WORLD. (M Chagigah 2:1 / 11b)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Perhaps
you’re wondering how the Mishnah justifies making such a drastic and dramatic
claim? Gemara explains on BT Chagigah 16a.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">What does this mean? R. Abba said: It
refers to one who looks at a rainbow. R. Yosef said: “It refers to one who
commits a sin in secret.” “One who looks at a rainbow,” as it is written: <i>Like
the appearance of a rainbow that shines in the cloud on a day of rain, such was
the appearance of the surrounding radiance. That was the appearance of the
likeness of the glory of Adonai </i>(Ezekiel 1:28</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><b><sup><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="border: none; color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></b></a><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">). R. Yosef said, “This refers to one
who commits a sin </span></b><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">in secret</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">,” which</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> accord</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">s with what R. Yitzhak said, for R.
Yitzhak said, “Whoever commits a sin in secret, it is as though he pushed away
the <u>feet</u> of the Shekhinah, for it is said, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כֹּה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אָמַר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יְהוָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הַשָּׁמַיִם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כִּסְאִי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וְהָאָרֶץ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הֲדֹם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">רַגְלָי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Thus said Adonai: The heaven is My throne and the earth
is My <u>foot</u>stool </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">(Isaiah 66:1).” But is this so? But R. Illa the Elder said, “If
a person sees that the [evil] </span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: FR;">inclination</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"> is overpowering him, he should go to
a place where no one recognizes him, don black clothing and wrap himself in
black, and do what his heart desires, but he should not desecrate God’s Name publicly!”
There is no difficulty (i.e., </span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: FR;">contradiction</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">). This [R. Yosef’s opinion] concerns
one who is able to overcome their inclination; this [R. Yitzhak’s opinion] concerns
one who is not able to overcome their</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> inclination.</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWUTxzXkjGkf1CgwSbhYOpc8px6sUcfiFMmIeTlziJ94rnb3tra7NPuDLWonBl_lIhoz92J7i2DcN2q51Y9hrcdDn8WxmeYlycYIhHgO-pvv9712ZT1CC0hG0EfnLzWvqndq3In3ushrY/s1600/rainbow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWUTxzXkjGkf1CgwSbhYOpc8px6sUcfiFMmIeTlziJ94rnb3tra7NPuDLWonBl_lIhoz92J7i2DcN2q51Y9hrcdDn8WxmeYlycYIhHgO-pvv9712ZT1CC0hG0EfnLzWvqndq3In3ushrY/s320/rainbow.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">R.
Abba offers an example of behavior that fails to honor God: looking at a rainbow.
No doubt you’re wondering how on earth gazing at a rainbow can be construed as
failure to honor God, especially since there is a <i>berakhah</i> to say when
one sees a rainbow.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> However, as beautiful and aesthetically
uncomplicated as a rainbow is for most of us, it is theologically complicated
for the Rabbis. The first rainbow appeared after the Flood that destroyed
virtually all of humanity and the animal kingdom, save the remnant preserved in
the ark. It is a sign of God’s promise never again to flood the earth, but at
the same time a sign of God’s disapproval of humanity’s behavior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But there is more, as R. Abba’s use of the
verse from Ezekiel makes clear. Describing God’s glory, Ezekiel likens it to
the radiance of the rainbow. It would seem that R. Abba is concerned lest
people gaze upon a rainbow and think they are seeing God.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">The
bulk of the passage, however, focuses on R. Yosef’s example: a person who sins
in secret. The one who sins in secret does so out of the sight of other people,
believing either that God does not exist or does not matter. The Gemara
supports R. Yosef’s contention by citing R. Yitzhak’s more graphic teaching
that sinning in secret not only sidelines God, but actively disrespects God (“pushing
away the feet of the Shekhinah”). His proof text, Isaiah 66:1, uses the term <i>rag’lai
</i>(“my feet”), to say that one who sins in secret is, effectively, pushing
God’s authority, meaning, and presence, out of this world.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">No
sooner have R. Yosef and R. Yitzhak made what appear to be solid and thoughtful
arguments then Gemara challenges them: Really? Are you so sure that sinning in
secret is the epitome of dishonoring God? Perhaps it is the opposite!</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">R.
Illa the Elder presents the novel and controversial idea: Sinning in secret, he
holds, can be preferable to sinning in public. He asserts that someone who is
overwhelmed by the compulsion to sin should disguises himself and go off to a
place where he is unknown to do what he must. At least he will not be
recognized by people who know him, conveying open and public disrespect for God’s
laws.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">The
question of whether or not one should engage in improper behavior in secret
took an interesting philosophical twist when, in 1968, Albert Z. Carr published
an article in the Harvard Business Review entitled, “Is Business Bluffing
Ethical?”</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> Few articles have generated as much discussion and
controversy, which is ongoing now nearly fifty years later. Carr argued that
the world of business is special realm in which the tactics for success permit
a different standard of behavior. As business ethics specialists Robert E
McNulty and W. Michael Hoffman noted:</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Albert Carr, claimed quite brazenly that businesses
were perfectly justified in lying, cheating, and bribing, all in the name of
achieving business objectives. According to Carr, the ethics of ordinary life
were inapplicable to business because the latter was governed by its own “gaming”
morality that required the businessman to leave at home the Golden Rule and his
commitment to principles such as honesty and fairness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To make his point, Carr quotes a Midwestern
executive who had “given a good deal of thought to the question.” According to
this person, “If the law as written gives a man a wide-open chance to make a
killing, he’d be a fool not to take advantage of it. If he doesn’t someone else
will. There is no obligation on him to stop and consider who is going to get
hurt. If the law says he can do it, that’s all the justification he needs.
There’s nothing unethical about that. It’s just plain business sense.”</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In the same article, Carr goes on to assert the
legitimacy of lying on one’s r</span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: FR;">é</span></b><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: PT;">sum</span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: FR;">é</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">,
engaging in industrial espionage, and deceptively adulterating the contents of
consumer goods in order to increase profits.</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><b><sup><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></b></a><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirDoXPmMs0PbJqjkYBt0RlNdHeDYdiIKvZ5_9fWrpv4Sd1_1c_mis4NliaeDDmaj-hzONI53m93R7jS0zMmxYB2lerp218NA6kkXGR-vCZc9odu-NVsSrlMyz6AWRN5LHNrSApsQz2epw/s1600/Tactics.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirDoXPmMs0PbJqjkYBt0RlNdHeDYdiIKvZ5_9fWrpv4Sd1_1c_mis4NliaeDDmaj-hzONI53m93R7jS0zMmxYB2lerp218NA6kkXGR-vCZc9odu-NVsSrlMyz6AWRN5LHNrSApsQz2epw/s320/Tactics.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Cambria;">For
Carr, one has no obligation to go beyond the letter of the law—and certainly no
obligation to adhere to standards of decency in the context of business. Carr’s
argument led many to believe “business ethics” was a oxymoron. Whether his
views reflected the state of business practices or inspired them, business
ethics became a field of study in the mid-70s. Today, most corporations have
promulgated<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a code of ethics and established
an officer responsible to oversee compliance.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Carr’s
style of business is roundly condemned as immoral by Jewish ethical standards,
which are spelled out in the Torah and elaborated upon at length in the Talmud
and later law codes.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> In fact, there is a rabbinic tradition that when
one dies and stands before God for judgment, the first question God will ask
is, “Did you conduct your business with integrity?” (BT Shabbat 31a) Often, in
discussions of Jewish business ethics, the principle of <i>livnei iveir lo
titein michshol / “do not place a stumbling block before the blind” </i>is
invoked; it speaks directly to Carr’s tactics.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYppmu1zyG5FK92b990eDqu7AkzZ4wddaiB0ZpqHmH8fIWGn8NCPwv_zc2jPTcz-y93SDpr0I7ySvtR69FnHvgKPLO_kqK1tynIFf-eo1fxVQXYTFAOxKBBhvhn6Q8GF5btDzp7AuF7N4/s1600/business-competition.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYppmu1zyG5FK92b990eDqu7AkzZ4wddaiB0ZpqHmH8fIWGn8NCPwv_zc2jPTcz-y93SDpr0I7ySvtR69FnHvgKPLO_kqK1tynIFf-eo1fxVQXYTFAOxKBBhvhn6Q8GF5btDzp7AuF7N4/s320/business-competition.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria;">I’m
sure it has occurred to many familiar with Albert Carr’s controversial claims
and the discussion surrounding them that the President Trump and his close
advisors appear to be a card-carrying subscribers to Carr’s philosophy. He has
imported into the White House the sense that his brand of business dealings,
which entails distortions, disinformation, and outright lies, is simply
employing the tools of the trade, that in the “game” of politics one is
required to win at any cost.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="FreeForm" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">We
would do well to recall R. Yosef and R. Yitzhak’s discussion. “Pushing away the
feet of the Shekhinah,” shoving morality to the curb and engaging in secretive
dishonesty, is socially caustic and spiritually corrosive whenever and wherever
it occurs.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: DE;">© Rabbi Amy
Scheinerman</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> Those familiar with tractate Chagigah will
recognize this as the mishnah that leads to rabbinic discussions of mysticism
and tells the story of Elisha b. Abuyah, also known derogatorily as Acher.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> The verse continues: <i>when I beheld it, I
flung myself down on my face. And I heard the voice of someone speaking.</i></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> Talmud itself provides the blessing: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">ברוך</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אתה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">ה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span dir="LTR"></span>' </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אלהינו</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מלך</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">העולם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">זוכר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הברית</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וְנֶאֱמָן</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">בִּבְרִיתוֹ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וְקַיָם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">בְּמַאֲמָר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Blessed are You, Adonai our God, ruler of the
universe, Who remembers the covenant and is faithful to his covenant and keeps
his promise. (BT Berakhot 59a)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> Albert Z. Carr, “Is Business Bluffing Ethical?,”
<i>Harvard Business Review</i> 46, no. 1 (1968): 146. Available at:
https://hbr.org/1968/01/is-business-bluffing-ethical.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">
http://www.corporatecomplianceinsights.com/a-look-back-in-history-learning-the-lessons-of-business-ethics/#_ftn1.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> Suggested sources include: Elliot N. Dorff and
Jonathan K. Crane, <i>The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Ethics and Morality</i>; </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/resources-ideas/source-sheets/tol-parashot/hukkat.pdf"><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/resources-ideas/source-sheets/tol-parashot/hukkat.pdf</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">; Rabbi Yitzchok Breitowitz, “Jewish Business
Ethics: An Introductory Perspective” </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/JewBusEthI.html"><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/JewBusEthI.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/loving-god-and-doing-business/.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-6523856149601809372017-03-24T12:59:00.002-07:002017-03-24T12:59:46.049-07:00For Good & For Ill / Parshat Vayakhel-Pikudei 2017-5777<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">We
humans have an unfortunate, but entirely human, tendency to brand others as “all
good” or “all bad.” This week’s combined parshiot, <i>Vayakhel</i> and <i>Pikudei</i>,
offer a response.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">The <i>Book
of Exodus </i>is divided into three sections: First, the narrative of the <i>Exodus</i>,
from the Israelites descent into Egypt through their ascent out of Egypt,
crossing the Reed Sea, and arrival at Mount Sinai, where they entered into a
Covenant with God. With <i>Matan Torah </i>(the Giving of the Torah), Torah
proceeds with the second section of <i>Exodus</i> to recount many of the
mitzvot that comprise the Covenant. With parshat Terumah, we enter the third
section of <i>Exodus</i>, which concerns the construction of the Mishkan
(Tabernacle).</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Parshat
Terumah </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">begins by announcing that
the contributions to build the Tabernacle were voluntary. People would bring
what they were inspired (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֲשֶׁר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Cambria;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יִדְּבֶנּוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: Cambria;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לִבּוֹ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) to donate: </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">דַּבֵּר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">בְּנֵי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יִשְׂרָאֵל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וְיִקְחוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לִי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">תְּרוּמָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מֵאֵת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כָּל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אִישׁ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֲשֶׁר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יִדְּבֶנּוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לִבּוֹ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">תִּקְחוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">תְּרוּמָתִי</span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Adonai spoke to Moses, saying: Tell
the Israelite people to bring Me gifts; you shall accept gifts for Me from
every person <u>whose heart so moves him</u>. (Exodus 25:2)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">In <i>Vayakhel</i>
we find similar language in the description of the Israelites’ enthusiastic and
generous donation of their gold to fashion the vessels used in the sacrificial
service.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיָּבֹאוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כָּל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אִישׁ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֲשֶׁר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">נְשָׂאוֹ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לִבּוֹ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>;
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וְכֹל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֲשֶׁר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">נָדְבָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">רוּחוֹ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֹתוֹ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הֵבִיאוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">תְּרוּמַת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יְהוָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לִמְלֶאכֶת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֹהֶל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מוֹעֵד</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וּלְכָל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">עֲבֹדָתוֹ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וּלְבִגְדֵי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הַקֹּדֶשׁ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיָּבֹאוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הָאֲנָשִׁים</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">עַל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הַנָּשִׁים</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>;
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כֹּל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">נְדִיב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לֵב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הֵבִיאוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">חָח</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וָנֶזֶם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וְטַבַּעַת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וְכוּמָז</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כָּל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כְּלִי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">זָהָב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וְכָל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אִישׁ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֲשֶׁר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הֵנִיף</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">תְּנוּפַת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">זָהָב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לַיהוָה</span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Everyone who excelled in ability and
everyone whose spirit moved him came, bringing to Adonai his offering for the
work of the Tent of Meeting and for all its service and for the sacral
vestments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Men and women, all <u>whose
hearts moved them</u>, all who would make an elevation offering of gold to
Adonai, came bringing brooches, earrings, rings, and pendants—gold objects of
all kinds. (Exodus 35:21–22)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">The
Rabbis note that this is not the first time the Israelites have donated their
gold: they handed it over to Aaron to make the Golden Calf (as recounted in
Exodus chapter 32). They further note that in other instances, the Israelites
engage in specific behaviors—both for good and for ill. In the Yerushalmi
(Jerusalem Talmud, <i>Shekalim</i> 1:1) we read:</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">R. Yehudah bar Pazzi said in the name
of Rabbi [Yehudah ha-Nasi]: When we read these verses, do we not tremble?—</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">On the good side: </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כֹּל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">נְדִיב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לֵב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">All who were of willing heart </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">(Exodus 35:22). </span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">On the bad side: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיִּתְפָּרְקוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כָּל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הָעָם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">נִזְמֵי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הַזָּהָב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֲשֶׁר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">בְּאָזְנֵיהֶם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>; </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיָּבִיאוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אַהֲרֹן</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">So all the people took off the rings
of gold that were in their ears and brought them to Aaron </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">(Exodus 32:3). </span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">On the good side: </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיּוֹצֵא</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מֹשֶׁה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הָעָם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לִקְרַאת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הָאֱלֹהִים</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Then Moses brought the people out of
the camp to meet God </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">(Exodus 19:17). </span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">On the bad side: </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַתִּקְרְבוּן</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֵלַי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כֻּלְּכֶם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַתֹּאמְרוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">נִשְׁלְחָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֲנָשִׁים</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לְפָנֵינוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Then
all of you came to Me and said: “Let us send men before us” </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">(Deuteronomy 1:22). </span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">On the good side: </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אָז</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יָשִׁיר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מֹשֶׁה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וּבְנֵי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יִשְׂרָאֵל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הַשִּׁירָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הַזֹּאת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לַיהוָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Then Moses and the people Israel sang
this song to Adonai </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">(Exodus 15:1). </span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">On the bad side: </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַתִּשָּׂא</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כָּל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הָעֵדָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיִּתְּנוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">קוֹלָם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיִּבְכּוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הָעָם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">בַּלַּיְלָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הַהוּא</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Then all the
congregation raised a loud cry and the people wept that night </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">(Numbers 14:1)…</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">R. Abba bar Acha said, “You cannot
truly make sense of the character of this nation. When they are approached to
build the Golden Calf, they contribute. When they are approached to build the
altar, they contribute.” </span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">R. Yose b. Chanina taught the
following tradition: </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וְעָשִׂיתָ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כַפֹּרֶת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">זָהָב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">טָהוֹר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Then you shall make a mercy seat of pure gold </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">(Exodus 25:17). Let the gold of the
mercy seat come and effect atonement for the gold you gave for the Golden Calf.”</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">First,
let’s explain the three sets of verses and then explore R. Abba bar Acha’s and
R. Yose b. Chanina’s comments about them. We have already mentioned the first
set of verses. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">In the
second set, the people step forward: In the first instance, the Israelites take
their places at the foot of Mount Sinai to receive God’s Torah—that is good. In
the second instance, they defy Moses and God because they did not trust either
to lead them into the Land, and demand that spies scout out the land before
they agree to enter it—clearly this is bad.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">In the
third set of verses, the people speak up: In the first instance, having crossed
through the Reed Sea and experienced God’s salvation, they sing God’s praises—this
is meritorious. In the second instance, after the spies bring back their
report, the people again raise their voices, wailing, weeping, and railing
against Moses and Aaron, refusing to enter the land—this is deplorable.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">The
three juxtapositions inspire R. Abba bar Acha to observe that the Israelites
are a confounding nation: At times they are exceptionally obedient and pious;
at other times they are contentious and rebellious. They contributed gold to
make the Golden Calf as readily as they contributed gold to build the altar.
What is one to make of such a people?</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">R. Abba
bar Acha’s frustration is palpable and surely reflects God’s exasperation with
the Israelites, who were in turns loyal and contumacious, courageous and
cowardly, loving and ungrateful. Does this characterization of Israel sound
surprising? Or does it sound entirely human? Perhaps it sounds like someone you
know.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">How
does God respond to Israel’s extreme vacillations? R. Yose b. Chanina tells us
that God expressly planned for this behavior, establishing a golden seat of
mercy to serve as atonement for the gold donated to build the Golden Calf. God <i>built
into the Mishkan a mechanism for forgiveness and atonement. </i>God didn’t have
to think about and consider every rebellion—God was poised and prepared to
forgive Israel as soon as they repented.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">It
would be easy to paint the Israelites a nation of rebels and ingrates, ever
trying God’s and Moses’ patience, but this passage from the Yerushalmi reminds
us that one-sided views are rarely accurate. They’re more about our tendency to
demonize those whose behaviors or views rankle us and a reminder of our
capacity for compassion and forgiveness. Would that we could stop and search
for the “good verse” when the compulsion to criticize and condemn comes upon
us; then we could access the golden seat of mercy in our souls.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: DE;">© Rabbi Amy
Scheinerman</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-25808318362476423982017-03-15T12:29:00.005-07:002017-03-15T17:36:34.627-07:00Theological Revisionism: Parshat Ki Tissa 2017-5777<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Budapest’s
Szabads<span lang="FR">à</span><span lang="DE">gt</span><span lang="FR">è</span>r Park (Freedom Square) has become a gallery of
monuments to a spectrum of political ideologies:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>A stone’s throw from Budapest’s majestic Gothic revival
parliament building, Freedom Square teems with monuments attesting to Hungary’s
turbulent 20th century. Dominating the north side of the plaza is a giant
obelisk constructed by the Soviet Union and dedicated to the city’s Red Army
liberators. A few paces south one finds a statue of Imre Nagy, the executed
hero of Hungary’s 1956 anti-Soviet revolt, standing on a bridge looking
forlornly on parliament. At the southern end of the square, outside a Calvinist
church, stares a bust of Admiral Mikl</b><b><span lang="ES-TRAD">ó</span></b><b>s Horthy, the authoritarian regent under whose
reign Hungary passed the first anti-Semitic law of 20th-century Europe in 1920,
allied with the Axis powers, and deported some half-million Jews to Auschwitz
in the largest and swiftest mass transfer of the Final Solution. In the middle
of it all, a bronzed Ronald Reagan walks briskly toward the nearby U.S.
embassy. With its abundant memorials, this one plaza commemorates the grand
sweep of Europe’s most influential 20th-century ideologies: communism,
nationalism, fascism, and democracy.</b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><b><sup><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[1]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></sup></b></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Today a
fifth monument, the pet project of Hungary’s nationalist prime minister, Victor
Orbán has been added: the Memorial to the Victims of the German Occupation. A
German imperial eagle attacking the Archangel Gabriel, symbol of Hungary,
conveys a clear message: <i>The Hungarian nation was a victim of German
aggression during World War II and, as an occupied country, bears no
responsibility or guilt for its complicity in the Holocaust. </i>In the world
of Orbán’s historical revisionism, the “victims of the German occupation” are
not Jews; they are non-Jewish Hungarians. In response to a Hungarian art
historian who questioned the meaning of the monument, Orbán wrote that “it can
hardly be disputed that Germany bears responsibility for what happened in
Hungary after March 19, 1944… We cannot bear a responsibility that is not ours
to bear… The victims, whether Orthodox, Christian, or without faith, became the
victims of a dictatorship that embodied an anti-Christian school of thought.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> In sculpture and words, Orbán rewrote history: he
made invisible the nearly one million Jews who were the primary victims of the
Nazis and declared the Hungarian state’s enthusiastic endorsement and active
collaboration in mass murder evidence of its “victimhood.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Revisionist
history takes many forms and it is always noxious, shifting blame from the
guilty to the innocent. It happens not only in the post-Holocaust world of
lies, distortions, “alternative facts,” and deceptions, but in the world of
theological retellings, as well. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This
week’s Torah portion, whose most salient story is that of the Golden Calf, and
Talmud’s reflection on, it provide a case in point. While Moses is still at the
summit of Sinai, God tells him what is happening down below and urges him to
hurry down.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> God’s declared intent is to annihilate the people,
but Moses successfully talks God out of it. That accomplished,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">וַיִּפֶן</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">וַיֵּרֶד</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">מֹשֶׁה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">מִן</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">הָהָר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">וּשְׁנֵי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">לֻחֹת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">הָעֵדֻת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">בְּיָדוֹ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">לֻחֹת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">כְּתֻבִים</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">מִשְּׁנֵי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">עֶבְרֵיהֶם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>--</span></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">מִזֶּה</span></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><u><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></u></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">וּמִזֶּה</span></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">הֵם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">כְּתֻבִים</span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #006a9e;">Thereupon Moses turned and went down
from the mountain bearing the two tablets of the Pact, tablets inscribed on
both their surfaces: they were inscribed <u>on this side and on that side.</u>
(Exodus 32:15)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The
first set of tablets that Moses brought down from Mount Sinai, which he
subsequently hurled to the ground, were engraved on both sides. (They are
typically depicted as being engraved on only one side; for example, see the
image to the right.) The language used to express this idea is <i><span style="color: #006a9e;">mi-<b><u>zeh</u></b> u-mi-<b><u>zeh</u>
</b>(lit: “from this [side] and from that [side])</span></i><i>.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">A
similar construction involving <b><i><span style="color: #006a9e;">zeh…zeh</span></i></b><i> </i>appears in the Book of Esther. To set the scene: <span lang="DE">Mordechai</span> has just learned about Haman’s decree to kill all
the Jews of Persia. He rends his clothes, puts on sackcloth and askes, and
walks through the city wailing. Jews throughout the kingdom have also heard the
news of Haman’s decree. Like Mordechai, they are mourning, fasting, weeping,
and wailing; like him, they don sackcloth and ashes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Esther,
in the palace, sends clean clothes for <span lang="DE">Mordechai</span>,
but he refuses to remove his sackcloth. Here is where we find <i><span style="color: #006a9e;">zeh…zeh</span></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">וַתִּקְרָא</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">אֶסְתֵּר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">לַהֲתָךְ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">מִסָּרִיסֵי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">הַמֶּלֶךְ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">אֲשֶׁר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">הֶעֱמִיד</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">לְפָנֶיהָ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">וַתְּצַוֵּהוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">עַל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">מָרְדֳּכָי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>--</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">לָדַעַת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">מַה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">זֶּה</span></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">וְעַל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">מַה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e;">זֶּה</span></u><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #006a9e;">Thereupon Esther summoned Hathach,
one of the eunuchs whom the king had appointed to serve her, and sent him to </span></b><b><span lang="DE" style="color: #006a9e;">Mordechai</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"> to learn the <u>this and that</u> of
it all. (Esther 4:5)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">On the
basis of the use of<b> </b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e;">zeh…zeh</span></i></b><i><span style="color: #006a9e;"> </span></i>in both <i>Esther</i>
and <i>Exodus</i>, the Talmud observes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">לדעת</span></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><u><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></u></i></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">מה</span></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><u><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></u></i></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">זה</span></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><u><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></u></i></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">ועל</span></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><u><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></u></i></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">מה</span></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><u><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></u></i></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">זה</span></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">אמר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">רבי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">יצחק</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">שלחה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">לו</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">שמא</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">עברו</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">ישראל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">על</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">חמשה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">חומשי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">תורה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">דכתיב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">בהן</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">שמות</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">לב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)
</span></i></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">מזה</span></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><u><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></u></i></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">ומזה</span></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><u><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></u></i></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">הם</span></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><u><span lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></u></i></b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #936c12;">כתובים</span></u><b><i><span style="color: #936c12;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><i><span style="color: #936c12;">…“</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #936c12;">t<i>o learn the this and that of it
all</i>.” R. Yitzhak said: [This teaches that Esther] sent a message to
[Mordechai, saying]: “Perhaps Israel has transgressed the Five Books of the
Torah, of which it is written, “they are inscribed on this side and on that
side.” (BT Megillah 15a)</span></b><b><i><span style="color: #936c12;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">R.
Yitzhak’s suggestion, that persecution and suffering are divine retribution for
sin, is a theological staple of the rabbinic stable. The presumption that God’s
power trumps the power of all human rulers leads the Rabbis to analyze history
along a single vector: Bad things happen to Israel in response to Israel’s
sins. The mere use of <b><i><span style="color: #006a9e;">zeh…zeh</span></i></b><b> </b>is
enough evidence—and, indeed, the sole “evidence”—to draw this conclusion and
blame the Jews rather than lay the blame on the proper doorstep: a narcissistic
and maniacal prime minister.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">And, in
the words of too many infomercials, “Wait, there’s more!” Earlier in the same
tractate, R. Shimon b. Yochai explained that the Jews of Esther and Mordechai’s
generation <i>deserved</i> the genocide Haman devised for them:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #936c12;">R. Shimon ben Yochai’s students asked
him, “Why did Israel’s enemies in that generation deserve extermination?” He
said to them, “Because they derived pleasure from the feast of that wicked one
[i.e., Ahasuerus].” “If so, [only the Jews] of Shushan should have been
[subject to being] killed; [Jews] throughout the rest of the world should not
have been [subject to being] killed.” They [the students] said to [R. Shimon b.
Yochai], “You tell us [why our reasoning is flawed].” He said to them, “Because
they prostrated themselves to an image [i.e., engaged in idolatry].” They said
to him, “Should favoritism be should in such a matter?” [I.e., if they Jews
were engaged in so heinous a sin as idolatry, why did God permit them to be
saved?] He said to them, “They performed [the prostrations] only outwardly
[i.e., without genuine conviction]. So, too, the Holy Blessed One dealt with
them only outwardly. Thus it is written: <i>For [God] does not willingly [lit: “from
the heart”] bring grief [or affliction to people] </i>(Lamentations
3:33). (BT Megillah 12a)</span></b><b><span style="color: #936c12;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">When R.
Shimon says, “Israel’s enemies in that generation,” he does <i>not </i>mean the
Persians: he means Jews!<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> The students <i>assume </i>that the Jews who
suffered did so deservedly—they have been taught to think this way. Their
teacher, R. Shimon b. Yochai, supplies the sin to justify the punishment: They
participated in the king’s lavish banquet, which is described in <i>Esther </i>chapter
1. But that’s illogical, the students point out, because only the Jews of
Shushan could have attended the king’s party. Yet Jews throughout all the
provinces of Persia were designated for destruction. Okay, R. Shimon says, then
it’s because they were engaged in idolatry, the catch-all sin. All of them?
Really? There is not a single word in the <i>Book of Esther </i>that supports
R. Shimon’s claim, nor does he attempt any fancy interpretive footwork to pin
his claim on a verse. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">R.
Shimon reconstructs history from out of his theological framework; his is a
theologically-inspired revisionist history. He blames the victims and thereby
absolves the guilty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Stepping
away from Jewish tradition for a moment, we see that this is not merely an
attribute of the ancient world and far from a uniquely Jewish phenomenon. Every
time tragedy strikes in America, someone steps before a microphone or camera or
keyboard and opines that this event was the just punishment of God in response
to our sins. No sooner had Adam Lanza killed his mother and massacred 20
first-grade children and six educators at Sandy Hook Elementary School in 2012
than the radio show host Bryan Fischer declared, “We’ve kicked God out of our
public school system. And I think God would say to us, ‘Hey, I’ll be glad to
protect your children, but you’ve got to invite me back into your world first.
I’m not going to go where I’m not wanted. I am a gentleman.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Journalist
Brandon G. Withrow has written:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This phantom idea of God’s judgment eagerly waiting to drop the sickle
“haunts” — to use a term of Flannery O’<span lang="SV">Connor </span>—
the conservative Evangelical mind in America, whether or not they know its
roots. That is why a pastor can blame a hurricane on the so-called “<span lang="ES-TRAD">homosexual
agenda</span>” and not feel in any way
unjustified in doing it, and why those outside of that dark worldview might
find it to be an absurd idea.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>I think there might be a better way: If you are unable to console,
consider silence.</b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;"><b>[6]</b></span></sup><!--[endif]--></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">If the
best you can do is silence, that is certainly far better than
theologically-inspired revisionist history and victim-bashing. But Withrow is
entirely right: consoling is a far holier response.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">There
is a deep connection between truth in the factual sense and truth in the
religious sense. When we untether ourselves from factual truth and go chasing
after lies, distortions, and revisionist history, we disconnect ourselves from
morality and decency, and thereby from genuine holiness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="DE">© Rabbi Amy
Scheinerman</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> James Kirkpatrick,
</span><i>The End of Europe: Dictators,
Demagogues, and the Coming Dark Age </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">(2017: Yale
University Press), pp. 40–41.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Ibid., p. 44.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> That, in itself,
is</span><span lang="PT" style="mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> strang</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">e
because God’s declared intention is to destroy the people and start anew with
Moses. How will that happen if Moses hurries down and is destroyed in the
ensuing genocide?</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> This viewpoint is
consistent with another famous story in the Talmud in which R. Shimon b. Yochai
severely criticizes Roman society and culture and, by implication, Jews who
indulge in Roman society. As a result, the Romans place a bounty on his head
and he is forced to hide for twelve years in a cave. This story is found in BT
Shabbat 33b-34a.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/15/bryan-fischer-god-did-not-protect-connecticut-shooting-victims-prayer-banned_n_2303903.html.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/bgwithrow-967.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-40100108647427545932017-03-10T12:02:00.002-08:002017-03-12T09:55:40.372-07:00Do Clothes Make the Prophet? / Parshat Tetzaveh 2017-5777<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Mark Twain (1835–1910) quipped, “Clothes make the
man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.” He might well have
been thinking about the High Priest who served in the Mishkan (wilderness
Tabernacle), whose vestments were splendidly ornate and impressive. But had he
lived to observe the influence of Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948), I wonder what he
might have said.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Aaron, the brother of Moses and the first High
Priest of Israel, and Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (known to his followers as
Mahatma, “the great-souled one”) had much in common. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy_5czElRdGetDwJtjBXXIWDE8kfnejqjcumy27h33qdWOM8rSZbZcRz71Lv8RmHI_iEDnjNdNCCzGRnsAXhZpTGZ9BgGhbuxUKRJkrYglJxe6D-L28rwSSp1RLqUL39nrxb6e5732OPk/s1600/gandhi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy_5czElRdGetDwJtjBXXIWDE8kfnejqjcumy27h33qdWOM8rSZbZcRz71Lv8RmHI_iEDnjNdNCCzGRnsAXhZpTGZ9BgGhbuxUKRJkrYglJxe6D-L28rwSSp1RLqUL39nrxb6e5732OPk/s400/gandhi.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Both were instrumental in helping their people
achieve independence. Aaron accompanied Moses every step of the way in
confronting Pharaoh and helping the Israelites escape the clutches of Egypt.
Gandhi was a leading activist in India’s struggle for independence from the
colonial rule of Great Britain. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Aaron was revered as a peace-maker. <i>Pirkei Avot </i>1:12
adjures us: “Be of the disciples of Aaron, loving peace and pursuing peace,
loving human beings and drawing them close to Torah.” Mahatma Gandhi was
venerated for his nonviolent philosophy of passive resistance.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Each man was an informal and unacknowledged prophet
of his people. While Jewish tradition does not traditionally designate Aaron as
a prophet, Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz has dubbed him “the People’s prophet.” Where
Moses was aloof and imperious</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";">, Aaron was accessible and sensitive to the people’s
needs. “Because he understood the people and sympathized with their
shortcomings, he could guide them toward a goal that Moses had reached in a
different way. Moses operated from the higher to the lower: he was the
authority figure, giving orders and hardly explaining or educating. Aaron, on
the other hand, functioned from the lower to the higher, trying to lead the
people carefully, teaching and guiding them.”</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> Much the same can be said about Gandhi, who also
operated from the lower to the higher, teaching his people and guiding them in
the principles of nonviolent civil disobedience. While Hinduism does not,
formally, have prophets,</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> Gandhi’s extraordinary life and lasting influence
mark him as a prophet.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Both Aaron and Gandhi were fathers of four son.
Aaron’s two elder sons, Nadab and Abihu, came to a tragic end when they offered
“alien fire,” an unauthorized incense sacrifice. It was, essentially, a
rebellion against their father, whose mission as High Priest was to adhere to
the sacrificial service ordained by God. Gandhi’s eldest son, Harilal, also
rebelled against his father. He sought a Western-style education in England
(imagine Nadab asking Aaron if he could attend the university in Egypt), which
led to his cutting ties with his family.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Aaron and Mahatma Gandhi differ in a number of
ways, but Mark Twain’s humorous quip reminds us of one of the most visible
differences: clothing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or was it really
so different?</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Parshat Tetzaveh speaks at length about the <i>bigdei
kehunah</i> (priestly vestments) to be worn by Aaron and his sons when serving
in the Mishkan (wilderness sanctuary). Torah tells us from the outset that the
vestments are </span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">l’kavod
u-l’tiferet / </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">“for
dignity and adornment” (Exodus 28:2)</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">.
The priestly vestments—a uniform of sort—distinguished the priests from the
people. Only they wore the special garments, which conferred immediate
recognition as priests. Clothes matter.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Gandhi understood this. In 1921, he made a
conscious and deliberate decision to trade in his traditional, ornate and
tailored Gujarati attire for the <i>dhoti</i> (loincloth) and <i>chaddar </i>(shawl)
made of <i>khadi</i> (homespun cotton) that was the “uniform” of poor people of
India.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">While the priests dressed in <i>bigdei kehunah </i>in
response to God’s command to distinguish himself among the People Israel,
Gandhi donned the <i>dhoti </i>to identify with his people.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Torah delineates Aaron’s garments, the special
vestments of the High Priest:</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.25pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">These are the vestments they are to
make: a breast piece, an ephod, a robe a fringed tunic, a headdress, and a
sash. They shall make those sacral vestments for our brother Aaron and his
sons, for priestly service to Me; they, therefore, shall receive the gold, the
blue, the purple, and crimson yarns, and the fine linen. (Exodus 28:4–5)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The Torah continues at length—more than 30 verses—detailing
the elaborate design of each element and the precise materials used in their
fabrication.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Beneath his special High Priest vestments, Aaron
wore the far simpler vestments of an ordinary priest. Torah prescribes four
garments: breeches, tunic, sash, headpiece.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.25pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">And for Aaron’s sons also you shall
make tunics, and make sashes for them, and make turbans for them, <i>l’kavod
u-l’tiferet / </i>for dignity and adornment… You shall make for them linen
breeches to cover their nakedness; they shall extend from the hips to the
thighs. They shall be worn by Aaron and his sons when they enter the Tent of
Meeting or when they approach the altar to officiate in the sanctuary, so that
they do not incur punishment and die. it shall be a law for all time for him
and for his offspring to come. (Exodus 28:40, 42–43)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.25pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">On the surface, it would seem that priestly
vestments are the opposite of Gandhi’s style of dressing, but when we scratch
the surface, similarities come to light. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Like Gandhi’s homespun cotton <i>dhoti </i>and <i>chaddar</i>,
the vestments worn by all priests were made of a simple woven fabric—linen, the
“common” fabric of the day. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">A discussion in the Babylonian Talmud (tractate
Zevachim) about these garments reveals the Rabbis’ attention to both the
quality of </span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">l’kavod
u-l’tiferet / </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">for
dignity and adornment (Exodus 28:40)</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">
and their recognition that the priestly “uniform,” like Gandhi’s “uniform,” was
essentially peasant attire. How, then, were the vestments </span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">l’kavod u-l’tiferet / </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">for dignity and adornment</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">?</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.25pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">[18a] Our Rabbis taught [in a
baraita]: If [the priestly vestments] trailed [on the floor], or did not reach
[the floor], or were threadbare, and [the priest] officiated [in them], his
service is valid. But if he put on two pairs of breeches, two sashes, or if he
was lacking a vestment, or if he wore one too many, or if he had a plaster on a
wound in his flesh, or if [his vestments] were [18b] besmeared or torn, and he
officiated, his service is invalid. Rav Yehudah said in Shmuel’s name, “Trailing
[vestments] are fit; [vestments that] do not reach [the floor] are unfit.” But
was it taught [in the baraita] that if they do not reach [the ground] they are
fit? Rami b. Chama said, “There is no difficulty: Here [the teaching of Shmuel]
means where he hitches them up by the sash;</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">here [the baraita], where from the
very outset they are not long enough.</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">Rav said, “Both [garments] are invalid.” (BT Zevachim
18)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Let us examine the passage and then consider how we
might understand it.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The Talmud cites a baraita (Mishnaic-era oral
teaching) that delineates three qualities of priestly attire that do not
disqualify the priest who wears it: if the priest’s clothing is too large and
drags on the ground, or is too small and doesn’t quite reach the ground, or is
worn out and threadbare, the sanctuary service done in the garments is
nonetheless acceptable. If, however, the priest wears two items where only one
is required, or is missing one of the four specified garments, or adds
something to the attire not commanded by God, or comes to the sanctuary in
garments that are soiled or torn, then the service or sacrifice he does is
unfit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The baraita leaves room for the possibility
that a priest does not have an outfit that fits perfectly, or the money to
replace one that is worn out, but expects him to keep it clean and repaired and
to wear the required items—no more and no less—that Torah prescribes.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Rav Yehudah brings a teaching from Shmuel that
contradicts the baraita. Shmuel agrees that a garment that is too long does not
invalidate the priest’s service, but opines that garments that are too short
are not acceptable. Shmuel is echoing Torah’s concern for modesty: excessive
cover is fine, but insufficient cover is not.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The Gemara points out the contradiction between the
baraita and Shmuel concerning priestly garments that are too short to reach the
ground. Rami b. Chama seeks to resolve the contradiction by telling us that
Shmuel envisioned a priest who had hitched up his excessively long garment with
a sash in such a way that it was then too short—this Shmuel declared to be
unacceptable. The baraita, according to Rami b. Chama, concerns garments that
were too short from the get-go. In other words, if the garments are too short
because that’s all the priest has to wear, they do not invalidate his service;
if they are too short because he sloppily hoisted them with his sash, but
failed to be careful to cover his body, his service is not acceptable.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Finally, Rav (whose decision is considered final in
this matter) says that both “too short” garments are unacceptable—meaning
garments that were too short in absolute size, or hiked up too far. </span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Given the priority on modesty, this decision is not
altogether surprising. What is interesting to note is that dirty and torn
garments are unquestionably unacceptable—dignity requires one to launder and
repair them—but in cases where the priest’s sash can alter the drape of the
garment to the proper length, this is perfectly acceptable.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The Rabbis saw the priests’ garments as “every man’s
clothing” in substance, but <i>how </i>the priest wore it elevated it to being </span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">l’kavod u-l’tiferet / </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">for dignity and adornment (Exodus
28:40)</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">. So, too, Gandhi’s <i>dhoti
</i>and<i> chaddar: </i>On Gandhi, pleasant clothing conveyed dignity and moral
vision.<i> </i>The old adage, “the clothes don’t make the man,” isn’t true. The
man makes the clothes.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">© Rabbi Amy
Scheinerman</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Could this be accounted for by
Moses' upbringing in the palace as the son of Pharaoh’s daughter?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Adin Steinsaltz, <i>Biblical
Images</i> (Jerusalem: Koren, 2010).</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Hinduism is not an Abrahamic
religion. It does not include the concept of people who claim to be representatives
of God and deliver God’s messages to people. It does, however, promote the idea
of an avatar (“descent”), the incarnation of a deity, which appears in lower
(earthly) real of existence for a special purpose.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Gandhi’s choice of the <i>dhoti </i>made
of <i>khaki </i>was also an economic and political statement, because he called
for a boycott of foreign cloth. Less than a month later, he wrote: “I do not
want either my co-workers or readers to adopt the loincloth. But I do wish that
they should thoroughly realise the meaning of the boycott of foreign cloth and
put forth their best effort to get it boycotted, and to get <i>khadi</i>
manufactured. I do wish that they may understand that swadeshi means
everything.” (Swadeshi, meaning “self-sufficiency,” refers to an economic
strategy that was part of the Indian Independence Movement. It began prior to
Gandhi’s involvement in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indian
independence. Swadeshi included a boycott of British products and a concomitant
revival of traditional, domestic Indian production.)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-62896493672518715552017-02-16T16:22:00.002-08:002017-02-16T16:22:30.379-08:00Two Systems or One? / Parshat Yitro 2017-5777<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">This
week’s Torah portion, <i>Yitro</i>, describes two views of Jewish law and
governance that are implemented shortly after Israel leaves<span lang="NL"> Egyptian bondage</span>. The first is a creative and pragmatic plan
designed by Jethro and implemented by Moses. The second is theocracy shaped by
the covenant God forges with Israel at Mount Sinai. Let’s examine each more
closely.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The
first form of governance is described in Exodus chapter 18. Jethro, the father-in-law
of Moses, having heard of the wondrous Exodus, comes out to meet his daughter,
her family, and the entire nation of Israel in the wilderness. Jethro observes
Moses sitting under the hot desert sun fulfilling his exhausting and endless
obligation as magistrate—<b><i><span style="color: #006a9e;">the people stood about Moses from morning until evening </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e;">(Exodus 18:13). </span></b>Jethro is horrified.<b><span style="color: #006a9e;"> <i>“The thing you are doing is not
right; you will surely wear yourself out, and these people as well. For the
task is too heavy for you; you cannot do it alone.” </i>(Exodus 18:17) </span></b>Jethro wisely and firmly directs Moses to organize
a governance structure in which the responsibility for adjudication is shared
among leaders: <b><span style="color: #006a9e;">You</span></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZcQ7Sd1PAaBK77BpYY1SuCDdLsVAwYTo8OL8mIR9Cg9ndsCkrOgjprcHGRn7Gf_gwMiT-0MeJsgRh4AZc8aSE248iQ1vwfC6JdSqIgCQh22WOZ1U27pSPExHwAB_MXBpDCTHZ0RUDqNc/s1600/jethro-visits-moses.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZcQ7Sd1PAaBK77BpYY1SuCDdLsVAwYTo8OL8mIR9Cg9ndsCkrOgjprcHGRn7Gf_gwMiT-0MeJsgRh4AZc8aSE248iQ1vwfC6JdSqIgCQh22WOZ1U27pSPExHwAB_MXBpDCTHZ0RUDqNc/s320/jethro-visits-moses.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>
shall also seek out from among all the people capable men who fear God,
trustworthy men who spurn ill-gotten gain. Set these over them as chiefs of
thousands, hundreds, fifties, and tens, and let them judge the people at all
times. Have them bring every major dispute to you, but let them decide every
minor dispute themselves Make it easier for yourself by letting them share the
burden with you. (Exodus 18:21–22)</b>.
Note that there is no law code as yet. Moses and the tiers of judges under him
all make decisions according to their own sense of what is right and proper.
The qualification for the job is character, not knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The
second governance structure, a theocracy in which God is the ultimate
authority, is revealed in Exodus chapters 19–20. While Israel is encamped
around Mount Sinai, Moses ascends the mountain to meet God.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #006a9e;">Adonai called to [Moses] from the
mountain, saying, “Thus shall you say to the house of Jacob and declare to the
children of Israel: ‘You have seen what I did to the Egyptians, how I bore you
on eagles’ wings and brought you to Me. Now then, if you will obey Me
faithfully and keep My covenant, you shall be My treasured possession among all
the peoples Indeed, all the earth is Mine, but you shall be to Me a kingdom of
priests and a holy nation.’ These are the words that you shall speak to the
children of Israel.” (Exodus 19:3–6)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Amidst
an extraordinary display of sound and light, God gives Moses the Torah on Mount
Sinai. Moses brings it to the people, establishing God as their ultimate and
eternal ruler and lawgiver—the Ruler of rulers. Immediately the Israelites are
told the first ten laws: the Ten Commandments (also known as the Decalogue). The
laws are God’s laws—God’s to make and God’s to change.<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Thus
Torah suggests that there are two systems in play: In one, people make
determinations based on their own instincts and judgments of what is fair and
right. In the other, God promulgates all law and, should there be confusion or
objection, God is consulted because only God can arbitrate or change the law.<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The
advantage of the first system is that the community’s body of law is responsive
to historical and contextual change. The advantage of the second is that it
promises that there is always a divine answer to any question of law. The
disadvantage of the first is that the community may be subjected to human
capriciousness or the politicization of law. The disadvantage of the second is
that laws promulgated thousands of years ago in a different age and different
context, are considered immutable. The problem with any system is that <i>all</i>
law must be interpreted and applied—and this is never done evenly or equally.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Is
there a way to see <i>both </i>approaches as part of one system?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYhc_tpUgleBbYVolEY03irv2Ay69XFew9XdHXWATJPYzaFuPHi03E6VzhCVwfXSWW2nBy0dVUo1mJqj0v0EJhuXy-M4VvvmoBSywk790Ra749s4OSVx3RCwyTo9tkd0r5b3WaRxAAcmI/s1600/isbitza-rebbe.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYhc_tpUgleBbYVolEY03irv2Ay69XFew9XdHXWATJPYzaFuPHi03E6VzhCVwfXSWW2nBy0dVUo1mJqj0v0EJhuXy-M4VvvmoBSywk790Ra749s4OSVx3RCwyTo9tkd0r5b3WaRxAAcmI/s320/isbitza-rebbe.png" width="241" /></span></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The
Isbitza rebbe<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> (Poland, 19th century), in his commentary on <i>Parshat
Yitro</i>, notes that the very first word of the very first commandment of the
Decalogue is <i>anochi </i>(“I”)—<i>I am Adonai your God </i>(Exodus 20:2). <i>Anochi
</i><span dir="RTL" lang="HE">אנכי</span><i><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="mso-ansi-language: HE; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span></i>here is spelled not as “I” is usually written in
the Torah, which would be <span dir="RTL" lang="HE">אני</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (<i>ani</i>)<i>.
</i>Rather, there is an extra letter <span dir="RTL" lang="HE">כ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-kaf.</i><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><u><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><u><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[4]</span></sup></u><!--[endif]--></span></sup></u></a><i> </i>He
writes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Had it been written “<i>ani</i>,” the meaning would
have been that the Holy One, blessed be God, had revealed the divine light to
Israel in all its completeness, and then they could not have reached deeply
into God’s words, for God would have already revealed everything. However, the
additional letter <i>kaf </i>in “<i>anochi</i>” teaches that it is not in a
state of completeness, yet rather an imagined image of the light that the Holy
One, blessed be God, would reveal in the future. The more a person apprehends
in the depths of the Torah the more that person will then understand that until
now they were in in darkness.</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivdwPdP4ZwTQYvORLIMXe5bGez5Jhk1354NF63weL3vn9-WgEfCrVOy9uFFpd180vpPjNLjMTZrJcQLMIca9cQb9tic1tIokytrxRd3zNJQTZEbIfbxP8iWsatiZS3F6aZxgmvcf2AHVo/s1600/anochi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivdwPdP4ZwTQYvORLIMXe5bGez5Jhk1354NF63weL3vn9-WgEfCrVOy9uFFpd180vpPjNLjMTZrJcQLMIca9cQb9tic1tIokytrxRd3zNJQTZEbIfbxP8iWsatiZS3F6aZxgmvcf2AHVo/s1600/anochi.jpg" /></a></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The
Isbitza rebbe, aware that the letter <i>kaf </i>as a prefix means “like,” tells
us that God delivered the “I” of the first commandment with the extra letter <i>kaf
</i>to signal us that Torah does not convey the totality of God’s holiness in
its words: Torah is <i>like </i>divine light but does not encompass the
totality of God’s divine light. We need to immerse ourselves in Torah—study it,
consider a variety of interpretations, seek our own meanings—in order to find
the light. The Isbitza continues:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>This is hinted at in the night and the day. “Day” means
that the blessed God opens the gates of wisdom for people, and “night” means
that people should not imagine that they have apprehended all in completeness,
for all they have attained is like night in comparison to the day that follows.
So it goes on forever, and it follows that all is night in the face of the
light that the Holy One, blessed be God, will open in the future.</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The
terms “day” and “night” themselves hint at this meaning: In the light of day,
we think we know and understand, but when the dark of night arrives, we realize
our knowledge and comprehension are incomplete. A new day arrives and we learn
and understand more, but then night comes and again we realize there is so much
more to learn and comprehend.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Torah
itself—a book of words—is not complete until we delve into it searching for
meaning and wisdom. The role of people in unlocking Torah’s wisdom is crucial.
As the Isbitza conceives Torah and its wisdom, it is a bottomless pool into
which we dive again and again in an attempt to learn more, comprehend more,
grow more. The more we learn, the more we realize how much more there is to
learn. And it doesn’t end with any person, or any generation; it continues day
after day and generation after generation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">This is
an amazing idea: Torah is not complete until <i>you </i>dive into it to find
the meaning and wisdom it holds for <i>you</i>. But learning is not an act of
passive absorption; learning is an active pursuit. When we learn, we bring
ourselves—our thoughts and ideas, opinions and concerns, sensitivities and
values—to the endeavor. Torah is a divine-human collaboration, a combination of
the two systems described in <i>Parshat Yitro</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">In <i>Pirkei
Avot</i> 5:25, Ben Hei Hei is remembered for saying, <b><span style="color: #006a9e;">“According to the effort is the
reward.”</span></b><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><b><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[5]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></b></a> Many have claimed he meant that the more mitzvot
you perform, the greater your reward in <i>olam ha-ba </i>(the world-to-come)—a
simplistic view of a reward-and-punishment universe run by the Cosmic
Kindergarten teacher. Viewed through the lens of the Isbitza’s words, however,
Ben Hei Hei’s adage takes on a far more sophisticated meaning: The deeper our
dives into Torah as we struggle to extract the nectar of Torah, the greater the
rewards of divine wisdom we reap for own lives and the more our lives will be a
reward (a blessing) to others.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Those
deep dives into Torah afford us a way to encounter the divine and to discover
the divine spark within ourselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="DE">© Rabbi Amy Scheinerman</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> There are four occasions when
God changes or refines the law: (1) Exodus 24:12: The blasphemer is brought
before Moses and held in custody “until the decision of Adonai should be made
clear to them.” (2) Numbers 9:8: When those who have had contact with a corpse
are not permitted to offer the pesach sacrifice at the proper time, they
inquire why<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and are told, “Stand by, and
let me hear what instructions Adonai gives about you.” (3)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Numbers 15:32–36: A man caught gathering wood
on shabbat is held in custody “for it had not been specified what should be
done to him.” Numbers 27:1–11: Zelophechad’s daughters object to being passed
over for an inheritance from their father; Moses appeals to God and God amends
the law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> In the course of time, some
claimed that there is but one system: God alone promulgates Jewish law, and
whatever a rabbinic authority deems to be Jewish law is therefore understood to
be God’s will. Yet the entire reality of the rabbinic tradition (Talmud and
halakhic midrash) testifies that this is far from true—Jewish law is the
product of human beings engaging with Torah. Sometimes the outcome is
excellent, but not always. Consider halakhah that consigns women to
second-class status in the communal arena.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> Rabbi Mordechai Yosef Leiner of
Isbitza (1765-1827) was a hasidic master, a student of Rabbi Simcha Bunim
Bonhart of Peshischa. His commentaries on Torah are collected in a work
entitled <i>Mei Shiloach</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> As a prefix, the letter <i>kaf</i>
means “like.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> Some translate Ben Hei Hei’s
teaching, “According to the suffering is the reward.”</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-47016244465883460262017-02-08T07:44:00.001-08:002017-02-08T09:12:37.990-08:00Lies at the Reed Sea, Lies in DC / Parshat B'Shallach 2017-5777<div align="center" class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><i><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "calibri";">“Political
language… is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><i><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "calibri";">and to give an
appearance of solidity to pure wind.” </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><i><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "calibri";">— George Orwell</span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #936c12; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuuj-mWUNn2i9E9odjj8NXli0c6NvoGHnUbzC2L-BXpH5AuR92tC6_d3QwdfVbYxMFeGtAsfqYFh2oDojqAokyRtpjj68dnkCBx4gNVJwSDtemmYMAJc2H8iApOZHsWctf3rYab3bJaKU/s1600/ingsoc.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuuj-mWUNn2i9E9odjj8NXli0c6NvoGHnUbzC2L-BXpH5AuR92tC6_d3QwdfVbYxMFeGtAsfqYFh2oDojqAokyRtpjj68dnkCBx4gNVJwSDtemmYMAJc2H8iApOZHsWctf3rYab3bJaKU/s1600/ingsoc.png" /></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">1984</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">,
the dystopian novel about a totalitarian regime,<i> </i>is experiencing a
resurgence in popularity today.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[i]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> George Orwell’s seminal work introduced us to a
post-truth society of “Newspeak,”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
official language of the fictional “Oceania.” Newspeak, by design, restricts
grammar and vocabulary (think: tweets), thereby limiting people’s capacity to
express intellectual ideas, and particularly opposition to the regime. Newspeak
makes it possible for leaders to assert its slogan: “War is peace. Freedom is
slavery. Ignorance is strength.” Orwell well understood the danger of
totalitarianism in a modern, media-saturated world: “The very concept of
objective truth is fading out of the world. Lies will pass into history.” </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">When Stephen Colbert first introduced “truthiness” it
seemed funny (</span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://www.cc.com/video-clips/63ite2/the-colbert-report-the-word---truthiness"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">video here</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">). As time goes on and we live it more and more, it seems decreasingly
funny.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Does truthfulness matter? Do facts matter?</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">In parshat B’Shallach, the Israelites have escaped
Egypt—almost. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">Pharaoh and his courtiers had a
change of heart about the people and said “What is this we have done, releasing
Israel from our service?” [Pharaoh] ordered his chariot and took his men with
him; he took six hundred of his picked chariots, and the rest of the chariots
of Egypt, with officers in all of them. (Exodus 14:5–7)</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The Egyptians pursued the Israelites to the shore
of the Reed Sea. Before them are the roiling waters; behind them the chariots
approach at breakneck speed. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">In an extraordinary display of redemptive might,
the waters of the Reed Sea parted. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">Moses held out his arm over the sea
and Adonai drove back the sea with a strong east wind all that night and turned
the sea into <u>dry ground</u>. The waters were split, and the Israelites went
into the sea on dry ground, the waters forming a wall for them on their right
and on their left. (Exodus 14:21–22)</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">
</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Again in Exodus 14:29, the Torah tells us, </span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">The Israelites had marched through
the sea on <u>dry ground</u>…</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimR07cj1iMC4oJ9mG2l7Zhsf1dsFopPHBhaRtOjcQY0PSuJiMi_GkKihevATJGjBpdWt8DpMR4Oy389HEVDid1u_URW9rb8vHzJqr6SPGPktKkIhJyTQ1YX_iz0nWyuwxlbbHKD0gqkIQ/s1600/reed-sea-parting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimR07cj1iMC4oJ9mG2l7Zhsf1dsFopPHBhaRtOjcQY0PSuJiMi_GkKihevATJGjBpdWt8DpMR4Oy389HEVDid1u_URW9rb8vHzJqr6SPGPktKkIhJyTQ1YX_iz0nWyuwxlbbHKD0gqkIQ/s640/reed-sea-parting.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Certainly, from the standpoint of the 21st century,
we could say: This is an ancient story of the origins of the Jewish nations
told in hyperbolic and mythical language. There is no evidence it happened as
described, and every reason to believe that whatever historical kernel (if any)
is exaggerated and embellished to add layers of religious meaning. As Rabbi
David Wolpe famously said in a sermon in 2001</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[ii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";">: There is no reliable archaeological evidence that
the Exodus took place in the way the Torah describes—and it doesn’t matter.
That said, we can enter the world of the story, itself, and the Rabbis’ midrashic
commentary on it, which comprise a religious important conversation on crucial
matters of life, ethics, politics, purpose, and meaning.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">When we accept the story on its own terms—without
getting stuck in the rut of “Did it happen that way?”—we are open to
understanding a subtle point made in a stunning midrashic comment. The
Rabbis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>imagine the conversation of two
people who are among the 600,000 (men) crossing the Reed Sea. “Reuven” and “Shimon”
are not characters known to us; this is the Rabbis’ way of saying, “Tom, Dick,
and Harry.” </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">When [Israel] descended into the Sea,
they found that it was full of clay, because it was still wet from the water
and so it formed a kind of clay… Reuben said to Shimon, “In Egypt we had clay,
and now in the sea again clay. In Egypt we had mortar and bricks, and now in
the sea again mortar and bricks,” hence <i>But they were rebellious at the sea,
even at the Reed Sea </i>(Psalm 106:7)<i>. </i>(Exodus Rabbah 24:1)</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Clay in the seabed? Mortar and bricks in the
seabed? Reuven and Shimon’s claims fly in the face of what Torah has told us
twice: the seabed was dry. While still standing in the dry seabed, Reuven and
Shimon were already constructing “alternative facts” that lessened God’s
miracle and cast a negative light on the redemption <i>they were experiencing
at that very moment.</i></span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Reuven and Shimon were engaged in an ancient
twitter war of lies to steer the Israelites away from believing the reality of
God’s redemption that they had seen and experienced, and toward an “alternative
reality” in which slavery in Egypt was preferable to freedom in the wilderness.
Within three days, the Israelites grumble to Moses about water, having
forgotten what God did for them only three days earlier. Within two months, the
twitter masters among them convinced the people that life was far better in
Egypt.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">In the wilderness, the whole
Israelite community grumbled against Moses and Aaron. The Israelites said them,
“If only we had died by the hand of Adonai in the land of Egypt, when we sat by
the fleshpots, when we ate our fill of bread! For you have brought us out into
this wilderness to starve this whole congregation to death. (Exodus 16:2–3)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">God rains down quail in the evening and manna in
the morning, but the grumblings continued. The <i>Book of Numbers</i>
elaborates and in its telling we see just how far the gap between reality and
distortions is.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">The riffraff in their midst felt a
gluttonous craving; and then the Israelites wept and said, “If only we had meat
to eat! We remember the fish that we used to eat free in Egypt, the cucumbers,
and melons, the leeks, the onions, and the garlic. Now our gullets are
shriveled. There is nothing at all! Nothing but this manna to look to!” Now the
manna was like coriander seed, and in color it was like bdellium. The people
would go about and gather it, grind it between millstones or pound it in a
mortar, boil it in a pot, and make it into cakes. It tasted like rich cream.
(Numbers 11:4–8)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Torah presents this as a lack of trust in God. At
the core, however, are the nefarious lies that were told by Reuven and Shimon
and their ilk, which stuck in people’s minds and colored their thinking. It
distracted them from reality and from their mission, it undermined their trust
in God, and it planted seeds of distrust in their relationship with Moses and
Aaron.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Today, we are told we live in a post-truth, “alternative
fact,” world. Maria Konnikova</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[iii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> warns, </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Our brains are particularly ill-equipped to deal
with lies when they come not singly but in a constant stream… When we are
overwhelmed with false, or potentially false, statements, our brains pretty
quickly become so overworked that we stop trying to sift through everything. It’s
called cognitive load</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[iv]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";">—our limited cognitive resources are overburdened.
It doesn’t matter how implausible the statements are; throw out enough of them,
and people will inevitably absorb some. Eventually, without quite realizing it,
our brains just give up trying to figure out what is true.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[v]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The sheer volume and repetition of lies propagated
by Reuven, Shimon, and their growing number of followers overwhelmed the minds
of the Israelites, convincing them of that life in Egypt had been better, that “freedom
is slavery” and “ignorance is strength.”</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Reading <i>1984 </i>in high school, Orwell’s
warnings not feel prescient. I lived in a country with a robust media and an
intellectual ethos promoting investigation and truth-telling. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">And now? We live in a country in which the occupant
of the White House and his close advisors and surrogates lie continually. One
could glibly assert that all politicians lie, but the frequency and magnitude
of the administration’s lies is unprecedented — and exceedingly dangerous. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Politico fact-checked Mr. Trump’s campaign
statements and found that 70% were false.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[vi]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> Since the election, we’ve been subjected to a
litany of egregious lies. Below are just the highlights.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #008cb4; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 9.0pt; position: relative; top: 1.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">1/18/2017: Trump tweeted about
writing his inaugural address (Stephen Miller and Steve Bannon wrote much of it</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[vii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";">)</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #008cb4; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 9.0pt; position: relative; top: 1.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">1/21/17: The size of the
inaugural crowd</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[viii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> (photos document the extent of this lie).</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #008cb4; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 9.0pt; position: relative; top: 1.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">1/23/2017: The Orwellian
phrase “alternative facts” made its debut, justifying lies.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[ix]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #008cb4; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 9.0pt; position: relative; top: 1.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">1/23/17 and many times
subsequently: Voter fraud during the election (utterly unfounded).</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[x]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #008cb4; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 9.0pt; position: relative; top: 1.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">1/25/17: Two people being shot
and killed in Chicago during President Obama’s farewell speech (Chicago police
confirmed no one was shot on Jan. 10).</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[xi]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #008cb4; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 9.0pt; position: relative; top: 1.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">1/26/17: Mexican president
Enrique Pena Nieto agreed to cancel their meeting (Nieto cancelled).</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[xii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #008cb4; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 9.0pt; position: relative; top: 1.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">1/26/17: Murder rate in
Philadelphia is on the rise (it’s actually on the decline).</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[xiii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoyYook90k3X6VjBFckvZT8GkWZo7K73jF9BPIzb1qOiugN3jeaq6XMSyudhCqG22aGZoQ0FCnqZfKLpf4KEIGwKjAL0S_xDgRueruJYzEfyHdH_i_VIwUq6bkXKOTyiUAp8frfRwqrOI/s1600/truth-lies.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoyYook90k3X6VjBFckvZT8GkWZo7K73jF9BPIzb1qOiugN3jeaq6XMSyudhCqG22aGZoQ0FCnqZfKLpf4KEIGwKjAL0S_xDgRueruJYzEfyHdH_i_VIwUq6bkXKOTyiUAp8frfRwqrOI/s640/truth-lies.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0in;">Does President Trump believe everything he says? Do
his surrogates? Are the falsehoods, misrepresentations, and downright lies a
reflection of the president and his staff’s disregard for truth? Are they part
of a larger and insidious strategy to distract us?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">And on the other side of the equation—because for
lies to become imbedded and effective, we have to believe them—do they reflect
our waning interest in truth and facts, in favor of Americans’ solipsistic
indulgence in feelings of anger, hatred, and resentment?</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The midrash (Exodus 24:1, cited above) terms Reuven
and Shimon’s conversation a “rebellion.” And indeed, ultimately there was a
rebellion against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness. It was led by Korach and
his minions. The seeds were planted not by principle disagreements and cogent
arguments, but by lies that were told and retold and absorbed by many people
experiencing cognitive overload. R. Elazar warns that lies can be tantamount to
idolatry. He cites Jacob’s collaboration in his mother’s plan to deceive Isaac
(Genesis 27:11). (BT Sanhedrin 92a) The deceit of Jacob, like the deceit in
which the current administration is daily engaged, is deeply wrong and
dangerous to us all, leading to a resurgence of bigotry and discrimination, a
frightening disregard for science and reason, and potential assaults on public
education and civil rights. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The erosion of the principles of truth and transparence
may be the most dangerous outcome of all because it has the potential to
facilitate, over time, the unraveling of our democracy.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Rebellion can also be righteous. Orwell said: “In a
time of deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act.” He further asserted:
“If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they
do not want to hear.” R. Shimon b. Chalafta (also in the midrash cited above)
considering the damage done by a mere Reuven and Shimon, said, “If a strong
person is below and a very weak one on the top, [the strong one] will prevail;
how much more so if the strong one is on top and the weak below?” His teaching
would strongly resonate with Orwell. It should ring warning bells for us.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Penguin is printing more copies of 1984</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[xiv]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> to accommodate the recent surge in demand. It’s
time to reread this classic.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">© Rabbi Amy
Scheinerman</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[i]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">1984 </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">reached No. 1 on
Amazon’s sales reports. A stage adaptation is scheduled to arrive on Broadway
this coming June following its successful run in the U.K. and Los Angeles. See,
for example, </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://money.cnn.com/2017/01/25/media/george-orwell-1984-best-seller/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">http://money.cnn.com/2017/01/25/media/george-orwell-1984-best-seller/</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[ii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/judaism/2004/12/did-the-exodus-really-happen.aspx"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">http://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/judaism/2004/12/did-the-exodus-really-happen.aspx</span></a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
and
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/02/us/religion-journal-a-rabbi-s-look-at-archaeology-touches-a-nerve.html.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[iii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> About Maria
Konnikova: http://www.mariakonnikova.com/about/.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[iv]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> “Cognitive load” is
a term from cognitive psychology that was developed by John Sweller in the late
1980s in his studies of problem solving and applied to instructional design.
Cognitive load refers to the amount of mental exertion used in working memory,
i.e., the effort a certain topic or ask requires.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[v]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%;"> </span><span class="Hyperlink1"><a href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/donald-trump-lies-liar-effect-brain-214658">http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/donald-trump-lies-liar-effect-brain-214658</a></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%;">. </span>Konnikova notes, “False
beliefs, once established, are incredibly tricky to correct. A leader who lies
constantly creates a new landscape, and a citizenry whose sense of reality may
end up swaying far more than they think possible. It’s little wonder that
authoritarian regimes with sophisticated propaganda operations can warp the
worldviews of entire populations. ‘You are annihilated, exhausted, you can’t
control yourself or remember what you said two minutes before. You feel that
all is lost,’ as one man who had been subject to Mao Zedong’s ‘reeducation’
campaign in China put it to the psychiatrist Robert Lifton. ‘You accept
anything he says.’”<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[vi]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/nov/09/fact-checking-donald-trump-2016/</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[vii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-strikes-nationalistic-tone-in-inaugural-speech-1484957527?tesla=y&mod=e2tw"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-strikes-nationalistic-tone-in-inaugural-speech-1484957527?tesla=y&mod=e2tw</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[viii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Sean Spicer, after
berating the press in his first press conference, announced: “This was the
largest audience to ever witness an inauguration—</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">period</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">—both in person and around the globe.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>David A. Graham, in </span><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">The Atlantic. </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">termed this one a “big
whopper” and noted that, “</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Spicer</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’s statement required dismissing all
available evidence: ridership count, eyewitness testimony, independent
crowd-counts, and Nielsen television ratings” — not to mention the photographs
disseminated by the National Park Service. Spicer refused to take questions
during this press conference.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><sup><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 120%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[ix]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 120%;"> On </span><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 120%;">Meet the Press</span></i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 120%;"> the Sunday following the
inauguration, Chuck Todd asked Kellyanne Conway why President Trump sent his
press secretary out to announce a demonstrable untrue claim about the size of
the inaugural crowd. Conway demurred that crowd size is less important than
accomplishments. Todd then asked why Spicer lied, and Conway famously declared,
“You’re saying it’s a falsehood, and Sean Spicer, our press secretary, gave
alternative facts.”</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[x]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/us/politics/unauthorized-immigrant-voting-trump-lie.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/us/politics/unauthorized-immigrant-voting-trump-lie.html</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[xi]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%;"> </span><span class="Hyperlink1"><a href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/fact-check-trump-wrong-2-killed-chicago-obamas-farewell-speech/">http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/fact-check-trump-wrong-2-killed-chicago-obamas-farewell-speech/</a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[xii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 120%;"> </span><span class="Hyperlink1"><a href="http://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/26/mexican-president-pena-nieto-says-he-canceled-meeting-with-trump.html">http://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/26/mexican-president-pena-nieto-says-he-canceled-meeting-with-trump.html</a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[xiii]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
http://www.phillymag.com/news/2017/01/26/trump-murder-rate-philadelphia/</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[xiv]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
http://money.cnn.com/2017/01/25/media/george-orwell-1984-best-seller/</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-50255822921369924992017-02-01T08:27:00.003-08:002017-02-01T11:14:41.853-08:00The Light of Diversity / Parshat Bo 2017-5777<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The American poet Mary Oliver, has said: “Someone I
loved once gave me a box full of darkness. It took me years to understand that
this too, was a gift.” </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The following questions might strike you as
pedantic: If darkness is an absence of light, how can you have a “box full of
darkness?” And is there a “darkness” that is a gift—that is, in reality, light?
The answers come from this week’s parashah, <i>Bo</i>, and apply to the
troubling situation of the Trump administration’s troubling travel ban on
Muslims trying to enter the United States and Syrian refugees seeking shelter
from the harrowing conditions in their homeland.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">In this week’s Torah portion we find this
description of the ninth plague—darkness:</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
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<span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיֹּאמֶר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יְהוָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מֹשֶׁה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">נְטֵה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יָדְךָ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">עַל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הַשָּׁמַיִם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וִיהִי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">חֹשֶׁךְ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">עַל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶרֶץ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מִצְרָיִם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>; </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וְיָמֵשׁ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">חֹשֶׁךְ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיֵּט</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מֹשֶׁה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יָדוֹ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">עַל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הַשָּׁמָיִם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>; </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וַיְהִי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">חֹשֶׁךְ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֲפֵלָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">בְּכָל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶרֶץ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מִצְרַיִם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">שְׁלֹשֶׁת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יָמִים</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לֹא</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">רָאוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אִישׁ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֶת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אָחִיו</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וְלֹא</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">קָמוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אִישׁ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מִתַּחְתָּיו</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>--</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">שְׁלֹשֶׁת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יָמִים</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>; </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וּלְכָל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">בְּנֵי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יִשְׂרָאֵל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">הָיָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אוֹר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">בְּמוֹשְׁבֹתָם</span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">Then Adonai said to Moses, “Hold out
your arm toward (lit. “on” or “over”) the sky that there may be darkness upon
the land of Egypt, a darkness that can be touched.” Moses held out his arm
toward the sky and thick darkness descended upon all the land of Egypt for
three days. People could not see one another, and for three days no one could
get up from where he was; but all the Israelites enjoyed light in their
dwellings. (Exodus 10:21–23)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">These three verses inspire numerous questions: How
could Moses hold his arm <i>on</i>, or <i>over</i>, the sky, and what does that
mean? If darkness is the absence of light, what does “thick darkness” mean?
When all Egypt was enveloped in darkness, how could the Israelites have been
drenched in light?</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The Rabbis speculate about the nature of the “thick
darkness” of the ninth plague. Midrash tells us this was not ordinary darkness.
Moses stretched his hand toward heaven to signal that the darkness <i>came from
heaven</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">Moses held out his arm toward the sky
and thick darkness</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">… Whence did that darkness come? R. Yehudah said, “From the
darkness above, for it says, <i>He made darkness his hiding place, his pavilion
round about him </i>(Psalm 18:12).”</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The midrashic notion that the darkness wrought by
the ninth plague was substantive and derived from heaven caught the attention
of Rabbi Sholom Noach Berezovsky (1911–1981), the Slonimer rebbe.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> He asked (as, perhaps, you did): “What could this
possibly mean? What darkness is there above, where there is only light?” The
Slonimer explained:</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">Moshe was told to stretch his hand
over, above the Heavens. We would have expected him to be instructed to lift
his hand towards Heaven. Moshe, however, was not meant to point with his hand
in the direction of a higher place. He was told to reach above the Heavens,
take hold of some lofty and elevated spiritual level, and bring it down to Egypt.
There, explains the Toldos Yaakov Yosef</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><b><sup><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="border: none; color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></b></a><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">, this wonderful light would turn to
painful darkness for the Egyptians.</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Moses, according to the Slonimer, reached up to
heaven and grasped a fistful of “heavenly darkness” and brought it down to
Egypt. But heaven is all light—divine light—so <i>how could the light of heaven
manifest as darkness in Egypt</i>?</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The Slonimer rebbe explains that people who find
themselves surrounded by unaccustomed goodness or spirituality, rather than
feeling wonderful,</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri";">…experience this Garden of Eden as unbearable
discomfort. It is not relevant to [them]; [they] do not understand it… its
light is blinding to [them]. [Their] eyes having become accustomed only to
spiritual darkness are overcome by the light. This, then, is the essence of the
plague of darkness. Moses took some of the light from above. It plunged Egypt
into a darkness like no other.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Something good and wonderful—the divine light of
heaven—can be experienced as bad and threatening by people who cannot
appreciate it. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">There is a realm in which we see this principle
operating today. It is erupting erupting around us in frightening and dangerous
ways. The recent and abrupt Executive Order (EO) banning Muslim from entering
our country and slamming the door closed in the face of Syrian refugees, is a
symptom of darkness that has long affected many Americans: racial bigotry and
xenophobia. Its roots lie in the ambivalent and turbulent history of
immigration to this country.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Prior to the 19th century, American was a largely
white and homogenous society that paid little heed to the natives whom they had
politically sidelined after wrested their land by unquestionably despicable
means. John Jay (1795–1801), the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,
reflected the sentiment of many when he wrote: “Providence has been pleased to
give this one connected country to one united people—a people descended from
the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion,
attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners
and customs.” Sadly, his words resonate with a great many Americans to this
day.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Dn8xF0ADAFUXr7FfeO_Dmq6MO9UNQ4qjCXod0epA1sFzTfBkluUApXwZCF2AnXiK4AU0x6lw_miWE1mtBKt1oZd6BtdX2_2nH-WP5A9K_XAaOwKeOvOH_H4yqbOLbtRvgtijq4S-KvA/s1600/melting-pot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Dn8xF0ADAFUXr7FfeO_Dmq6MO9UNQ4qjCXod0epA1sFzTfBkluUApXwZCF2AnXiK4AU0x6lw_miWE1mtBKt1oZd6BtdX2_2nH-WP5A9K_XAaOwKeOvOH_H4yqbOLbtRvgtijq4S-KvA/s320/melting-pot.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Since the early 19th century, this country has seen
massive waves of immigration crashing against its shores. Most of us, including
the current occupant of the White House</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";">, can trace our roots to ancestors who immigrated
here after the Civil War. People from diverse lands brought their cultures,
customs, languages, and religious traditions in tow. The white establishment
found this threatening. Irish- and Italian- and Chinese-Americans recall the
sting. The metaphor of a “Melting Pot”</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>expressed
the hope that immigrants would assimilate into the dominant culture and shed
their particularity and ethnicity. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
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<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">In 1908, Israel Zangwill’s play, “The Melting Pot” premiered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The protagonist, David Quixona, a Jewish
surviver of the 1903 Kishinev pogrom, composes the “American Symphony,” a
musical paean to a society without ethnic identities and cultural divisions,
where everyone assimilates into the great “Melting Pot.” David falls in love
with the Vera, a Christian Russian immigrant. Their sublime love is threatened
when David learns that Vera’s father is the very officer responsible for the
massacre of his relatives in Russia. Vera’s father confesses his guilt, the
symphony is performed, the crowd applauds exuberantly, David and Vera’s pure
love is confirmed, and the curtain falls. On stage, everyone lives happily ever
after. But this is theater, not real life. On the streets and in the towns of
America, the melting pot never materialized.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">In real life, Americans didn’t form a fondue; many
chose to retain elements of their ethnicity and culture as fundamental elements
of identity. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">A new idea arose: It was possible to positively
affirm the diversity of America as one of its strengths. American society was
more like fruit salad than cheese fondue; respectful recognition of differences
would help us thrive. All Americans could affirm the overriding value and
importance of democracy, the Declaration of Independence’s proclamation that “All
men are created equal,” the freedoms enshrined in the Constitution and the Bill
of Rights and those that came through the struggle for civil rights while still
retaining their distinct religious, ethnic, and cultural identities. America
has room enough for all of us.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjapXeO4xDG4lWOvDUBVu0KIke2HRHMBQBp_cQvsOZ5wBk7TrgNOPDhDwZPbhKIStxpNeLkTmM8_SvpZJPjXKhb2ENkWuw9CKpEmQK85nWlJUt1fZQtVEKGymI7upz9IDZn1C2_398Jj7M/s1600/diversity-children-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjapXeO4xDG4lWOvDUBVu0KIke2HRHMBQBp_cQvsOZ5wBk7TrgNOPDhDwZPbhKIStxpNeLkTmM8_SvpZJPjXKhb2ENkWuw9CKpEmQK85nWlJUt1fZQtVEKGymI7upz9IDZn1C2_398Jj7M/s320/diversity-children-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Bottom line: Diversity is a fact of life in Western
society. It is a reflection of <i>reality, as well </i>an appeal to an <i>ideal</i>.
</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The reality of diversity does not demand that each
of us view favorably every custom or value that others espouse, nor subscribe
to every idea proffered by one or another group. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">But it does call upon us to learn about cultures
that are not ours, and to acknowledge that we are <i>all</i> children of God.
As an ideal, acknowledging and celebrating diversity encourages us to learn
tolerance and cultivate respect for others, live together in mutual
respect<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and constructive engagement, and
promote human and civil rights. The acceptance of diversity teaches us to
reject not only ethnic cleansing and genocide abroad, but also calls upon us to
repudiate bigotry and institutionalized racism at home. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">For me, the acceptance and celebration of diversity
is divine light, the very same that Moses reached into heaven and brought down
into Egypt. But those unaccustomed to this worldview experience, </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">in the Slonimer rebbe</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">’s words, “unbearable discomfort.” For them, the “light
is blinding”—they find it overwhelming and threatening. We are seeing that happening
throughout the country: racist incidents rose precipitously in the days after
the presidential election. Now racist values are informing top political
appointees and policies.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The recent and shocking EO</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> banning Syrian refugees and Muslim immigrants from
seven countries from entering the United States actually makes us—and
especially our military personnel working abroad—less safe. Issued by President
Trump, it is <i>not</i> (as claimed) designed to protect us from terrorists,
but rather to indefinitely turn away desperate Syrian refugees, and shut
America’s door to Muslims from seven countries for 90 days. Inasmuch as
Christians from Muslim countries will be allowed entry, this is unquestionably
religious discrimination. It should be noted that <i>none </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the 9/11 terrorists, nor any of the lone
wolf terrorists since 9/11</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> came from any of these seven countries. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">More than one thousand employees of the State
Department signed onto a “dissent cable’ registering their opposition to the
travel ban yesterday (1/31/2017) saying, in part, “This ban stands in
opposition to core American and constitutional values that we, as federal
employees, took an oath to uphold.” The dissent cable expresses the view of
these career diplomats and civil servants that the EO is wrong-minded and
dangerous:</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">As consular professionals, Foreign Service
Officers, and members of the Civil Service, we see every day the value that “<b>Secure
Borders and Open Doors</b>” brings to our nation. A policy which closes our
doors to over 200 million legitimate travelers in the hopes of preventing a
small number of travelers who intend to harm Americans from using the visit
system to enter the United States will not achieve its aim of making our
country safer. Moreover, such a policy runs counter to core American values of
nondiscrimination, fair play, and extending a warm welcome to foreign visitors
and immigrants…</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The United States is a nation of immigrants,
starting from its very origins. The concept that immigrants and foreigners are
welcome is an essential element of our society, our government, and our foreign
policy. So, too, is the concept that we are all equal under the law that we as
a nation abhor discrimination, whether it is based on race, religion, sex, or
national origin. Combined together, that means we have a <i>special </i>obligation
to maintain an immigration system that is as free as possible from
discrimination, that does not have implied or actual religious tests, and that
views individuals as individuals, not as part of stereotyped groups.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The text of the dissent cable goes on to delineate
alternative and superior ways to protect the people of the United States from
terrorist threats through more effective vetting procedures. As soon as it was
known that the State Department employees were preparing a dissent cable, Mr.
Trump sent his press secretary out before the microphones to say of the State
Department employees who signed the “</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">dissent cable</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">” that “They should either get with the program or they can go.” Is
that the voice of openness and democracy?</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Meanwhile,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Acting Attorney General Sally Yates, unconvinced that the EO was lawful,
communicated in a letter that she would instruct Justice Department lawyers not
to defend the EO in court. Within hours, Mr. Trump fired Ms. Yates. The White
House issued a news release accusing Yates, who for 27 years served both
Democratic and Republican administrations, of “betraying the Department of
Justice.”</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Through our nation’s history, immigration has
brought out the best and the worst in Americans. For some, diversity inspires
the divine light of openness, compassion, and generosity. For others, that same
light incites isolationism, xenophobia, and hatred. For those, who like the
Hebrews, <i>enjoy light in their dwellings, </i>may their light ever shine brightly.
For those for whom the light of diversity casts a dark pall of fear and hatred,
may the words of Mary Oliver someday be theirs: “Someone I loved once gave me a
box full of darkness. It took me years to understand that this too, was a gift.”</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicAJ9_8p20Qh74xU0hpwy5OQD4CBJt3BClzugqM69V9eOD4IIHAGKlonFmtO1BSy2vuQOdeX2o1goxqwTj1_QuWpYVIy_pNe5oAhCTz4cdRCYZsa4F2Le_jrMaNwDYSVGcBTPmKaGcnWQ/s1600/statue-of-liberty.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicAJ9_8p20Qh74xU0hpwy5OQD4CBJt3BClzugqM69V9eOD4IIHAGKlonFmtO1BSy2vuQOdeX2o1goxqwTj1_QuWpYVIy_pNe5oAhCTz4cdRCYZsa4F2Le_jrMaNwDYSVGcBTPmKaGcnWQ/s200/statue-of-liberty.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The divine light of God’s love and compassion
emanates from the bronze colossus’s beacon guarding New York’s harbor, where my
(and perhaps your) ancestors were welcomed into this country.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">"Give me your tired, your poor,</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">I lift my lamp beside the golden door!”</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">In the memory of the 935 Jewish souls aboard the
St. Louis, and in the name of the values we hold holy and precious, we need to
work with people of good will everywhere to get this EO overturned and open
America’s doors to refugees and immigrants.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">© Rabbi Amy
Scheinerman</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHFcKnTsAwIgqRUfq3tnXnMndB8G_Et3YAns_ug_J_a2T67LgmxEDpaCG253Zheoa4PWFQ5swSCZvsVFLMyqMzTXvvKRKHqtLmZbQNrI9lN507kXzkNoElqc4NByL8vytt1CwNiJuqd3w/s1600/diversity-children-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHFcKnTsAwIgqRUfq3tnXnMndB8G_Et3YAns_ug_J_a2T67LgmxEDpaCG253Zheoa4PWFQ5swSCZvsVFLMyqMzTXvvKRKHqtLmZbQNrI9lN507kXzkNoElqc4NByL8vytt1CwNiJuqd3w/s400/diversity-children-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Rabbi Sholom Noach Berezovsky (1911</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">–1981) was the
spiritual leader of a small hasidic group in Slonim in Belarus. He was sent to
live in Palestine when he was young. Most of his family perished in the
Holocaust, and most of the Slonimer community was wiped out, but Rabbi
Berezovsky built a new community in Israel.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Rabbi Yaakov Yosef
of Polonne (1710–1784) was a disciple of the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of
Hasidism. He wrote </span><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">Toldot Yaakov
Yosef</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, the first hasidic book to be
published. It was a collection of teachings he had learned from the Besh”t.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/donald-trumps-immigrant-mother.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> The term “melting
pot” derives from Israel Zangwill’s play, “The Melting Pot,” about the
Quixanos, a the members of Russian Jewish immigrant family that, having
survived the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, immigrate to the United State. In an
effort to erase the horrors of their past, they idealize the vision of a
society without ethnic distinctions and divisions. Such a society could become
a “melting pot” if all newcomers assimilated in to the dominant culture. The
protagonist, David Quixano, contemplating the variety of people coming to
America’s shores, declares, “Here shall they all unite to build the Republic of
Man and the Kingdom of God… what is the glory of Rome and Jerusalem where all
nations and races come to worship and look back, compared with the glory of
America, where all races and nations come to labour and look forward!”</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> "Protection
Of The Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into The United States.”</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Including the
attacks at LAX, Little Rock, Ft. Hood, the Boston marathon, Chattanooga, San
Bernardino, and Orlando. The 9/11 terrorists and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the lone wolf terrorists came from Saudi
Arabia, Lebanon, Egypt, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Pakistan, and the United States.
The seven banned Muslim nations are: Syria, Iran Iraq Yemen, Sudan, Somalia,
and Libya. There is no overlap.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> The full text of
the dissent cable is available at: https://lawfareblog.com/breaking-news-full-text-draft-dissent-channel-memo-trump-refugee-and-visa-order.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/meet-the-acting-attorney-general-fired-by-trump-and-accused-of-betraying-the-justice-department/2017/01/30/05d4478c-e750-11e6-80c2-30e57e57e05d_story.html?utm_term=.64f06f2a4a25.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> From “The New
Colossus” by Emma Lazarus, engraved at the base of the Statue of Liberty. See https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/colossus.htm.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-58142295064942016422017-01-24T09:04:00.001-08:002017-01-24T09:04:17.051-08:00Normalizing Pharaoh / Parshat Va'era 2017-5777<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In
playwright Eugene Ionesco’s, “Rhinoceros,” a rhino charges down a street in a
small French town on a Sunday afternoon. People are frightened and outraged.
Soon, another rhinoceros barrels down the street. People are startled but begin
to argue whether the second rhino was the first one making a second pass, and
whether the beasts are Asiatic or African rhinos. Banality reigns. As rhino
appearances increase, people in the town begin, themselves, to metamorphose
into rhinos. Eventually, virtually everyone becomes a rhinoceros. The only
holdout is Berenger, an apathetic alcoholic who becomes the unwitting savior of
humanity when he refuses to succumb to turning into a rhinoceros and seeks to
save Daisy, his love interest. Ionesco’s allegory, which explores the mentality
of those who capitulated with fascism and Naziism, asks: How do horrific ideas
become “normal”?</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYs1v4rJ0qX4kbcgpykdtiq9sNR5lqQh5-SdyA4XFB7JdATFVEKZrwYd6wUEe7FElYK3e7FDa4Lqo1n4WpMXMmRQGYPJFqOfhZKdYs_rYt0Bklk9AsNOeFxNtjGJTlpZxqM57znj2GKac/s1600/photo.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYs1v4rJ0qX4kbcgpykdtiq9sNR5lqQh5-SdyA4XFB7JdATFVEKZrwYd6wUEe7FElYK3e7FDa4Lqo1n4WpMXMmRQGYPJFqOfhZKdYs_rYt0Bklk9AsNOeFxNtjGJTlpZxqM57znj2GKac/s320/photo.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Artwork by Jonah Scheinerman</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Last
week we began reading the Book of Exodus and were quickly introduced to
Pharaoh, a thin-skinned autocrat who wields vast power to feed his narcissistic
sense of entitlement, and who lacks empathy and concern for the welfare of
others. His paranoia about the Hebrew immigrants whom he views as sub-humans is
fully exposed. The very same people his predecessor welcomed to Egypt,
recognizing that they would strengthen the country, he now views as Egypt’s
gravest threat. Deportation? He has a better plan: enslave them and intimidate
the midwives, and later the entire Egyptian population, to murder Hebrew
infants boys who might one day grow up to join his enemies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">What
did the Egyptians think of their Pharaoh’s policy goals and strategies? Did
they say to one another: “Hey, these are Joseph’s people. Joseph saved us from
a devastating famine. His people have contributed to our economy and society
all these years. What is going on here? This isn’t normal and it isn’t right.” Torah
provides no sign that such thoughts are voiced, that anyone questions,
objected, or criticizes Pharaoh’s policies. Rather, it appears that Pharaohism—as
deeply immoral as it is—is normalized in Egypt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">If the
society as a whole normalizes Pharaohism, there are individuals who refuse to
do so—they will not become rhinos. Quietly, a resistance movement of women
arises. It begins with the midwives, who conspire to save the very infants they
have been commanded to kill. Resistance continues with Yocheved and Miriam, who
are determined to save Moses’ life. Yocheved swaddles her infant son and places
him securely in a water-proof basket. Miriam launches her brother’s tiny ark
into the Nile River, watches and waits. And Pharaoh’s daughter plucks the
infant out of the water and adopts Moses as her own son, raising him in the
palace under the nose of her father. These five brave women—Egyptians and
Hebrews—band together to undermine Pharaoh’s authority and subvert his
dictates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In his
documentary film released this past October, “HyperNormalisation,”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> Adam Curtis offers this perspective: Since the 1970s,
in the face of an increasing complex, chaotic, and dangerous world, those in
power retreated from reality and constructed a simpler “reality” they could
comprehend.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The “real world,” he argues,
has been run by corporations; the job of politicians is to insure stability and
promote the facade of a simple fake world. And, Curtis adds, all of us went
along because the simplicity of the fictional world they created is reassuring.
The result is that dark and dangerous forces festered and eventually erupted
into our false reality. Curtis spoke with UC Berkeley Associate Professor of
Socio-Cultural and Linguistic Anthropology Alexei Yurchak, who grew up in the
Soviet Union and who first used the term “hypernormalisation” in connection
with the fantasy promoted by the Soviet government that their failing system
was thriving. Paraphrasing Yurchak: “No one could imagine any alternative. You
were so much a part of the system that it was impossible to see beyond it. The
fakeness was hypernormal.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“Normalcy”
is a term that is intended to evoke comfort, stability, propriety,
respectability. But whose “normal” are we talking about? The vision of male,
white billionaires who have moved into Washington to run the country?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The
current administration is unabashedly racing full-tilt to abolish the social
and political progress made in the past few decades (indeed, all the progress
since FDR) in civil rights, women’s rights, voting rights, concern for the
poor; tolerance, diversity, and racial relations. They are turning the clock
back decades, even centuries, to a world in which women’s bodies are under the
province of white men, racism is out in the open and socially acceptable, and
xenophobia is unapologetically pedaled as patriotic. Will we participate in
their attempt to affirm these as “normal?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The
most powerful man in Egypt is challenged by women who refuse to normalize his
attitudes and policies, and above all his lies that fuel them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">For
Moses, growing up in the royal court, Pharaoh’s brutal oppression of the
Hebrews seems normal—after all, it has always been this way from his
perspective—until one day he ventures out among the slaves and observes
first-hand the suffering his (adoptive) father has wrought. What has been
accepted as “normal” is revealed to be utterly immoral. Moses refuses to
metamorphose into a rhinoceros.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In this
week’s parashah, <i>Va’era</i>, God summons Moses and appoints him to confront
Pharaoh. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgLoBRKy7AOAttddAglx85V5Q-vundXMxpOuMX2Vqm6lR2F5Pzl5TwJ3GUplZ-zzJp6yJO6BobAor6pFphwuHx39batC86Udwgi5BoTQftIC6I1vTPNqaspyzYHFRySSPg-9etFvPecaE/s1600/moses-talking-to-god.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgLoBRKy7AOAttddAglx85V5Q-vundXMxpOuMX2Vqm6lR2F5Pzl5TwJ3GUplZ-zzJp6yJO6BobAor6pFphwuHx39batC86Udwgi5BoTQftIC6I1vTPNqaspyzYHFRySSPg-9etFvPecaE/s1600/moses-talking-to-god.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #006a9e;">God spoke to Moses and said to him, “I
am the Lord. I appeared to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El Shaddai, but I did
not make Myself known to them by My name, YHWH. I also established my covenant
with them, to give them the land of Canaan, the land in which they lived as
sojourners. I have now heard the moaning of the Israelites because the
Egyptians are holding them in bondage, and I have remembered My covenant. Say,
therefore, to the Israelite people: I am Adonai. I will free you from the
labors of the Egyptians and deliver you from their bondage. I will redeem you
with an outstretched arm and through extraordinary chastisements. And I will
take you to be My people, and I will be your God. And you shall know that I,
Adonai, am your God who freed you from the labors of the Egyptians. I will
bring you into the land that i swore to give to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and
I will give it to you for a possession, I Adonai. (Exodus 6:2-8)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">One
would think that the Hebrew slaves would be ecstatic to hear this message.
Freedom! Liberation! Slavery has been normalized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #006a9e;">But when Moses told this to the
Israelites, they would not listen to Moses, their spirits crushed by cruel
bondage. (Exodus 6:9)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Pharaoh
has so normalized slavery that not only the Egyptians finds it acceptable, but
even the Hebrews have turned into rhinos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">God
next sends Moses to Pharaoh, but Moses demurs, citing his speech impediment,
not once but twice. Ionesco’s Berenger might have made a similar argument. But
God will not accept it. God warns Moses that there is no quick fix to the
Hebrews’ <span lang="FR">situation.</span> Pharaoh’s heart will
harden. For him, the plagues will become normal, and he will find them easier
and easier to ignore.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #006a9e;">See, I place you in the role of God
to Pharaoh with your brother Aaron as your prophet. You shall repeat all that I
command you, and your brother Aaron shall speak to Pharaoh to let the
Israelites depart from his land. (Exodus 7:1-2)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The
literal meaning of the Hebrew in 7:1 is, “See, I have made you God (or: a god)
to Pharaoh.” God? Really? The classical commentators sprint to explain this.
Rashi tells us, “judge and chastiser, to chastise him with blows and suffering.”
Abraham Ibn Ezra tells us that Moses would appear to Pharaoh like an angel. It
would seem that when Moses stands up to Pharaoh, who is accustomed to brooking
no dissent, his words have divine power and his countenance is that of an angel
because Moses’ charge is to deliver the message unequivocally that “normal” is
immoral and must change.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 0in;">The
demonstrations around the country and around the world this past Shabbat echoed
the resistance of the midwives, of Yocheved and Miriam, and of Pharaoh’s
daughter. They were a resounding rejection of the normalization of misogyny,
racism, xenophobia, and white supremacy, which once were woven into the fabric
of our society, but should never again be </span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 0in;">deemed even remotely acceptable. More
than one million people gathered around the nation and on every continent (even
Antarctica!) to protest the new administration and the danger it poses here and
abroad. I stood with thousands upon thousands, shoulder to shoulder, packed
like sardines in the streets of D.C. Throughout, everyone was calm, courteous,
and peaceful. Yet many times during the day, I thought, “It’s 2017 and I still
need to shout to the hilltops that women’s rights </span><i style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-indent: 0in;">are </i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 0in;">human rights?
Something is very wrong.”</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCBRJszE7fz__CuPv8UNSPvjfiCQnWpEfwnJVVWh7Ox2gFOeN-5iLZqfwfRCSAaKlZyr-mgEQpvRz9mTl6hmHZ90dQIRb7IUmazsLQ7yAQSPFOdGaaxatBwH-1WfV6Ifyq286Am_h9Qt4/s1600/women%2527s-march.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCBRJszE7fz__CuPv8UNSPvjfiCQnWpEfwnJVVWh7Ox2gFOeN-5iLZqfwfRCSAaKlZyr-mgEQpvRz9mTl6hmHZ90dQIRb7IUmazsLQ7yAQSPFOdGaaxatBwH-1WfV6Ifyq286Am_h9Qt4/s400/women%2527s-march.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The
last words of Berenger’s colleague Botard, before he metamorphosed into a
rhinoceros were, “We must move with the times!” Torah’s message is a
resounding: No! Do not normalize that which is cruel and unjust, immoral and
unconscionable. Do not think, like the character Dudard in Ionesco’s “Rhinoceros”
that “If you’re going to criticize, it’s better to do so from the inside.” Once
inside, you’re swallowed whole and alive. We must take our cues from Yocheved
and Miriam, from the midwives, from Pharaoh’s daughter—and resist with every
ounce of strength we have.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="DE">© Rabbi Amy
Scheinerman</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> <span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fny99f8amM">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fny99f8amM</a></span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-4606409615645671362017-01-20T07:13:00.001-08:002017-01-20T07:13:16.037-08:00Torah That Comes Before the Torah / Parshat Shemot 2017-57<div class="Body2" style="line-height: 120%;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body2" style="line-height: 120%;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;"> Today,
thousands of people will converge on Washington, DC to celebrate the
inauguration of the 45th president of the United States. Tomorrow, shabbat,
Washington will again be flooded with people arriving for The Women’s March on
Washington. The Mission & Vision statement</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> of the Women’s March explains its purpose: “In the
spirit of democracy and honoring the champions of human rights, dignity, and
justice who have come before us, we join in diversity to show our presence in
numbers too great to ignore,” to “send a bold message to our new government on
their first day in office, and to the world that women's rights are human
rights.” Further: “We stand together in solidarity with our partners and
children for the protection of our rights, our safety, our health, and our
families - recognizing that our vibrant and diverse communities are the
strength of our country.”</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on
Washington was organized because so many people are terrified of what the Trump
presidency may hold for America and do to the fragile democracy we far too
often take for granted. Abraham Lincoln famously warned, “American will never
be destroyed from the outside. If we falter and lose our freedoms, it will be
because we destroyed ourselves.” </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body2" style="line-height: 120%;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Freedom is the banner theme of </span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Parshat Shemot</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">, the first portion in the Book of Exodus, the beginning of our epic
story of redemption from slavery in Egypt. It is a story we return to again and
again for wisdom, insight, and inspiration. Our lives revolve around the quest
for freedom and redemption, our falling away from them and into various dark
pits of pain and even despair, and our renewed efforts to rise up and overcome.
Pursuing, losing, regaining, and maintaining freedom is a roller coaster ride
of the ups and downs, turns and twists, gut-wrenching descents, and
exhilarating ascents. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body2" style="line-height: 120%;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The underlying purpose of the Women</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">’s March on Washington is to galvanize those who
fear that the incoming administration will either erode or outright destroy the
freedoms we hold dear, and to send an unequivocal message that we will not
permit that to happen. For many coming to Washington tomorrow, the underlying
agenda includes: protecting and improving the global environment, protecting
and uplifting those living in poverty, bridging the abyss between ethnic and
racial groups, ensuring that all Americans have access to decent medical care
and that women have control over their own bodies, increasing access to voting
and eliminate cynical attempts at voter suppression, instituting campaign
finance reform, and so much more.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body2" style="line-height: 120%;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>How can the story of the Exodus shed
light on the situation in which we find ourselves?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body2" style="line-height: 120%;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rabbi Menachem Nachum Twerski of
Chernobyl<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> looks at the story of the Exodus from an expansive
perspective, broad enough to encompass far more than the purported historical
escape of the Hebrews from the clutches of Pharaoh. He pinpoints what
undergirds the story and propels it beyond a moment in history into every
moment of time, beyond one experience in our past into every experience of our
lives. In <i>Me’or Einayim</i>, he writes:</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
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<div class="Body" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">We all know the secret meaning of our
exile in Egypt: </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">דעת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">(mindfulness/knowing) itself was in exile. We knew nothing
of the Creator or God’s Torah. In the generation of the Flood people said: </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">מַה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">שַּׁדַּי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כִּי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">נַעַבְדֶנּוּ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">What is God that we should serve Him</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">? (Job 21:15) Even though Torah hadn’t
yet been given in the generations before the Flood, it existed in this world as
the power of the Maker within the made. It had not yet been garbed in specific
worldly forms, such as it would have after being given. But there were certain
select individuals who fulfilled Torah just as it exists above, having come to
grasp it through their own expanded minds. They understood its true inner
essence as it was before it was given. Such people were Methusaleh, Enoch, and
Adam, who were all students of Torah. But at the time of the Flood, humans were
so wicked that they cut both world and Torah off from their connection to the
Creator. Both world and Torah were separated from their Root; that is why the
Flood came to destroy the world.</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Where was Torah cast down at that
time? It fell into the shell of Egypt. That is mindfulness/knowing in exile,
for the Torah represents mindfulness/knowing. And this is why Israel had to go
down into Egypt, to raise up fallen Torah…</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Before there was the Written Torah
(the words in the scroll we study and revere), there was primordial Torah.
Before God revealed Torah to Moses at Mount Sinai (</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">“garbed in specific worldly forms”), there was
Torah with which God created the world: wisdom and the inherent potential of
everything in Creation (“the power of the Maker within the made”). Before there
was an established set of laws—expressed (“garbed”) as mitzvot— there was
wisdom and potential. But few people grasped this and thought, behaved, and
lived accordingly. The Chernobler rebbe identifies for us only three:
Methusaleh, Enoch, and Adam—each of whom has special resonance in Jewish
mysticism—operated according to the insights of wisdom. Everyone else, cut off
from the Torah of wisdom and the potential for goodness, behaved wickedly and
violence flourished. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This, then, is the root meaning of
Exile, which goes far beyond the story of Israel in Egypt. It is separation
from knowing, from mindfulness, from wisdom and insight. It is the lack of a
foundation of goodness and decency, an attitude of kindness and compassion,
that underlies one</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">’s behavior and choices
even before someone dictates the laws of what is permitted and what is not,
what is required and what is not. Exile is not a social or political state of
being; it is a spiritual state of mind. This is a wide and expansive
understanding of Exile: it speaks to universal concerns about the human
condition and human behavior, with immediate implications for hard social and
political reality of our lives and current situation.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reading the Chernobler</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">’s words, I wonder if he is telling us that if we
were to tap into the universal wisdom of primordial Torah—the Torah of wisdom,
of decency, compassion, and righteousness—we would not be in spiritual Exile
and need countless laws to regulate our behavior. Or perhaps he is suggesting
that all the formal laws in the world (religious or secular) cannot create the
society we would want until we achieve the Exodus from Exile and achieve
mindfulness and knowing, wisdom and compassion. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This thought brings me back to the
events unfolding around us, all of which is happening in a climate of </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">“ethics are dead,” dramatically illustrated but the
House Republicans’ middle-of-the-night surreptitious attempt to gut the
independent ethics committee—their very first act. The “swamp” that
President-elect Trump vowed to drain is now being filled with a fire hose to
float the yachts sailing to Washington, piloted by the bevy of billionaires he
and Mike Pence have tapped to run the country. For days we have watched the
confirmation hearings on Capitol Hill in which it is being revealed that
nominees for the cabinet of the incoming administration are riddled with
improprieties and failures to conform to rules and standards of their
positions, are hiding information from those in the Senate entrusted with
vetting them on our behalf, and hold in contempt the very institutions and
departments they have been tapped to head.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Where is the Torah that comes before
the Torah?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
https://www.womensmarch.com/mission/</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Light"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Rabbi Menachem Nachum Twerski of Chernobyl (1730</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">–1787)
initiated the Chernobyl Hasidic dynasty. He was the student of Dov Baer, the
Maggid of Mezeritch and his Uncle Nachum, both of whom were disciples of the
Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidism. Twerski was the founder of the
Chernobyl Hasidic dynasty, and published one of the first books of Hasidic
thought.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-71744779415973030242016-12-16T11:21:00.002-08:002016-12-16T11:21:17.468-08:00Monster-Animal-Human-Brother at Last / Parshat Vayishlach 2016-5777<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">I
recently heard this African parable: <b><i>When he was far away, he looked like
a monster. When he came closer, he looked like an animal. When he came closer
still, he looked like a human being. When we stood eye-to-eye, he looked like
my brother</i></b>.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Jacob
is returning to the Land of Israel following a long hiatus in Haran with Laban.
He has four wives, eleven children, many servants, and numerous flocks and
herds in tow. Jacob’s mind, however, is entirely focused on Esau, the brother
he deceived and from whom he fled many years earlier. Returning now after more
than two decades, Jacob fears that Esau still harbors a deadly resentment, so
he sends servants ahead to propitiate Esau with gifts.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">The messengers returned to Jacob,
saying, “We came to your brother Esau; he himself is coming to meet you, and
there are four hundred men with him.” Jacob was greatly frightened; in his
anxiety, he divided the people with him, and the flocks and herds and camels,
into two camps, thinking, “If Esau comes to the one camp and attacks it, the
other camp may yet be saved.” (Genesis 32:7-9)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">From
afar, Esau appears to Jacob like a monster preparing to attack with his hoard.
Jacob prepares accordingly: he divides his family and entourage into two camps,
expecting that Esau will attack and hoping that Esau will manage to wipe out
only one of the camps. But you cannot be too careful, so Jacob adopts an
obsequious tone and fawning posture in a transparent attempt to strike a deal
with God:</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Jacob said, “O God of my father
Abraham and God of my father Isaac, Adonai, who said to me, ‘Return to your
native land and I will deal bountifully with you’! I am unworthy of all the
kindness that You have so steadfastly shown Your servant: with my staff alone I
crossed this Jordan, and now I have become two camps. Deliver me, I pray, from
the hand of my brother from the hand of Esau; else, I fear, he may come and
strike me down, mothers and children alike. Yet You have said, ‘I will deal
bountifully with you and make your offspring as the sands of the sea, which are
too numerous to count.” (Genesis 32:10-13)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">But
Jacob doesn’t entirely trust God, either. He next instructs his herdsmen to
select more “gifts” for Esau and drive the chosen flocks in waves to Esau: </span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">200 she-goats and 20 he-goats; 200
ewes and 20 rams; 30 milch camels with their colts; 40 cows and 10 bulls; 20
she-asses and 10 he-asses (Genesis 32:15-16).</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> This is no small “gift”! It is, in fact, a measure of Jacob’s
anxiety.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">[Jacob] instructed the [herdsman] in
front as follows, “When my brother Esau meets<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>you and asks you, ‘Whose man are you? Where are you going? And whose
[animals] are these ahead of you? you shall answer, ‘Your servant Jacob’s; they
are a gift sent to my lord Esau; and [Jacob] himself is right behind us.” (Genesis
32:18-19)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Esau
now appears to Jacob as an animal who can be distracted and manipulated with
enticing food or gifts. But Jacob is still wary and scared. That night he
carries out his plan to divide his family and entourage into two camps and then
crosses the Yabbok river alone. That night he famously wrestles with a “man.” For
the biblical author this was evidently God, but later generations uncomfortable
with such vivid anthropomorphism dubbed the man an angel. Still later
generations suggested that Jacob was wrestling with his conscience, but in
truth, there is no sign that Jacob has reached that level of moral
consideration yet.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">The
following morning, Jacob actually lays eyes on Esau, who is approaching with
his entourage of 400 men. To Jacob, Esau is close enough to appear like a human
being with whom he can communicate:</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">[Jacob] divided divided the children
among Leah, Rachel, and the two maids, putting the maids and their children
first, Leah and her children next, and Rachel and Joseph last. He himself went
on ahead and bowed low to the ground seven times until he was near his brother.
(Genesis 33:1-3)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Esau is
no longer a monster, nor even an animal. He is a human being—powerful enough
that Jacob bows before him, fearing that Esau’s intentions may still be deadly.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Within
moments, they are close enough to look one another in the eye because Esau runs
to greet Jacob.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">Esau ran to greet him. He embraced
him and, falling on his neck, he kissed him; and they wept. (Genesis 33:4)</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmW6UO_4sYWXALUyQ71TE8VDQdeteoyJ-JFfLZhd3HaKX3ckVEBj7M5wdisn2xa58O8p876mkyMTlDzzDZnzm4dtnnj8IDsctHT4i14G9lmrrjiwLB6xAsb6isFoOZOKJUbgBNdIH6AU4/s1600/jacob-esau-embrace.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmW6UO_4sYWXALUyQ71TE8VDQdeteoyJ-JFfLZhd3HaKX3ckVEBj7M5wdisn2xa58O8p876mkyMTlDzzDZnzm4dtnnj8IDsctHT4i14G9lmrrjiwLB6xAsb6isFoOZOKJUbgBNdIH6AU4/s400/jacob-esau-embrace.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></div>
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Face-to-face,
eye-to-eye, Esau is again Jacob’s brother. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Perhaps
not surprisingly, Esau recognizes Jacob as his brother long before Jacob
recognizes Esau as his brother. Had Esau any intention of attacking Jacob, he
would not have given him two full days to strategize and prepare. Accompanied
by 400 fighters, Esau could have attacked and slaughtered Jacob, his family,
and his entourage immediately. And if that doesn’t convince<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>you, please note that Esau rejects Jacob’s
gifts as entirely unnecessary and at the same time acknowledges him as “my
brother.” After Jacob introduces his family to Esau,</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri;">[Esau] asked, “What do you mean by
all this company which I have met?” [Jacob] answered, “To gain my lord’s favor.”
Esau said, “I have enough, my brother; let what you have remain yours.” (Genesis
33:8-9)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Esau
could see from afar that Jacob was his brother, but Jacob had to be eye-to-eye
before he is able to recognize Esau as his brother.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria;">Some of
us are like Esau, able to recognize in the Other our sister or brother. And
some of us are like Jacob: At a distance, the Other (immigrants, African
Americans, Muslims, Hispanics, women, people whose political views differ from
ours and who voted for a different presidential candidate—take your pick)
appears to be a monster because we know nothing about them and, in our minds,
write the script of who they are, how they think, what they believe, and how
they will treat us. When the Other is a bit closer, we cannot entirely sustain
the fiction we have created that they are a monster, but still consider them an
animal, wholly unlike us. Once we come to know them, they become to us human
beings and we discover that we have far more in common than we were willing to
admit. But when we see meet the Other face-to-face—when we engage in meaningful
conversation and listen carefully to their needs, concerns, fears, and
aspirations—they become our brother or sister. And when the Other becomes our
sibling, we become far more compassionate people.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: DE;">© Rabbi Amy
Scheinerman</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-18901857972469104562016-12-06T14:48:00.002-08:002016-12-06T17:08:21.443-08:00Mouth of the Well / Parshat Vayeitzei 2016-5777<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">How do
you live in difficult or frightening times? That’s a question I’ve heard
frequently in the past few weeks, coming from the mouths of people who are
deeply troubled and apprehensive about the future and who sense that the
country is dangerously</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> divide</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">d—socially,
economically, racially, and politically. Clearly, not everyone shares this
sentiment, but the precipitous rise in racist, xenophobic, and anti-Semitic
incidents around the country in the past month</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> should give all decent people pause for concern,
regardless of their political proclivities. Beyond our borders, with nine
countries in the nuclear weapons club (and Iran working feverishly to gain
admission); ISIS continuing to wreak havoc on the lives of millions and
precipitating the worst refugee crisis in decades</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";">; a score of unstable, simmering hot spots including
Yemen, Libya, Myanmar, North Korea, and Ukraine that could erupt at any time;
and indeed the entire planet becoming one, big hot spot,</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> it is challenging to keep a cool head and level
outlook. As many have noted, with a president-elect who knows little about
foreign affairs,</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> less about diplomacy,</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> and doesn’t believe in science,</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> many find cause to be anxious. Does Torah have
wisdom for us at a time like this?</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">This
week’s parashah, Vayeitzei, begins by recounting Jacob’s leave-taking from his
family, his arrival in Beer-sheba on his way to Haran, and his famous dream of
the ladder. When Jacob awakes from his dream—having seen angels ascending and
descending on the ladder and God standing at his side—he proclaims, </span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">“<i>Surely the Lord is present in this
place, and I did not know it!” Shaken, he said, “How awesome is this place!
This is none other than the abode of God, which is the gateway to heaven.” </i>(Genesis
28:16-17) </span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">In Jacob’s words, we
find our first piece of advice: Recall that this place—every place—is the abode
of God, a gateway to heaven. God is present everywhere, in everyone, regardless
of how they voted, regardless of what policies or politics they pursue. The
rampant demonization of the “Other” that has marked the recent campaign, and
which is an on-going feature of xenophobia, racism, and anti-Semitism here in
the United States and abroad, threatens the moral fiber of Western society.
Rejecting demonization begins not with an “Other,” but with each of us. Those
who hold differing views (be they radically red, blisteringly blue, or whatever
hue offends you) share this earthly abode-of-God with us and with this country
we hold dear. We must understand each other and that requires building bridges
for communication. Remember what your mother told you about why God gave you
two ears and one mouth?</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> I’m quite sure I rolled my eyes and said, “Yeah,
yeah…” but now is the time to put it to action.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
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<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">A
second helpful lessons comes from the hasidic sage, Levi Yitzhak of Berditchev,
who explained the very next passage in our parashah:</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
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<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">Jacob resumed his journey and came to
the land of the Easterners. There before his eyes was a well in the open. Three
flocks of sheep were lying there beside it, for the flocks were watered from
that well. The stone on the mouth of the well was large. When all the flocks
were gathered there, the stone would be rolled from the mouth of the well and
the sheep watered; then the stone would be put back in its place on the mouth
of the well. (Genesis</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"> 29:1-3)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
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<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Levi Yitzhak explains in <i>Kedushat Levi:</i></span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The verses can be interpreted this way: We know
that the Holy One always longs to have goodness flow upon God’s people Israel
It is the evil urge that impedes this flow. But when Israel are surrounded in
joy, their happiness defeats those “outside” forces, and God’s grace and
compassion bring forth blessing. This is: </span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">There before his eyes was a well</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">—</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">that
is the flow of God’s blessing.</span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"> In the open</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">—refers
to the “holy field of apples trees [understood to mean the Shekhinah]”—this
indicates God’s own great joy in giving [blessing]. </span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">Three flocks of sheep</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">—refers to the three festivals of pilgrimage in the
year [Pesach, Shavuot, and Sukkot]. The </span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">large stone</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">—</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">is the evil
urge, which is called a “stone,” as in “if it is a stone, let it crumble” (BT
Kiddushin 30b). </span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">On
the mouth of the well</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">—preventing
the flow of God’s blessing. </span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">All the flocks were gathered there</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">—refers to Israel, assembled together to celebrate
the pilgrimage festival, amid great joy. </span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">The stone would be rolled from the mouth of the well</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">—pushing aside the evil one and all his host,
stopping them from holding back the flow. Then blessing and goodness can pour
forth upon Israel…</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
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<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Life is
supposed to be a continuous blessing flowing from heaven to earth, as water
continuously flows over a waterfall, or flows through an underground stream
into a well. The well is a gathering place, a source of <i>mayyim chayyim </i>(life-giving
water)—a place of community. It exists to provide water for all living
creatures in need—people and animals alike—where those who gather can assist
one another. Our <i>yetzer ra </i>(evil urge, or inclination) stops the flow,
just as the stone stopped the mouth of the well, cutting off the flow of
blessing. We stop the flow of blessing when we give in to the <i>yetzer ra</i>,
when we act out of</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> hatred and jealousy rather than love and
compassion, when we demonize others rather than seek to help them, when we
operate out of selfishness rather than with generosity. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk-tzdbHGnAd7P-bFjB3xmhIkHTHGj4YVks-V5rwUkWyRkf4RDY6Wcg2Q9PHB3vuCsmatxkOKS3WXxdGRxjpkqn4OzPEBHsNGNeHeo4uf7tZohl9ZePCaC9NQsUTxnW3sezs08kN67uZc/s1600/jacob-and-rachel-at-the-well-pedro-orrente.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk-tzdbHGnAd7P-bFjB3xmhIkHTHGj4YVks-V5rwUkWyRkf4RDY6Wcg2Q9PHB3vuCsmatxkOKS3WXxdGRxjpkqn4OzPEBHsNGNeHeo4uf7tZohl9ZePCaC9NQsUTxnW3sezs08kN67uZc/s640/jacob-and-rachel-at-the-well-pedro-orrente.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: Palatino; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #7f6000;">Jacob and Rachel at the Well, by Pedro Orrente</span></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">But how
do we roll the stone of the <i>yetzer ra </i>away from the mouth of the well to
let divine blessing flow? Levi Yitzhak’s interpretation continues, commenting
on Genesis 29:10</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0in;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0in;">: “</span><b style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">When Jacob saw Rachel,</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0in;"> refers to the joy of bridegroom and bride, paralleling the joy of the
festival.”<i> </i>Joy is our greatest tool for defeating pessimism, doubt,
fear, and hatred. How that could be, you may wonder? Perhaps you think this
sounds simplistic and naive, but it is far from either.</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnRp98h2eX0S5PGjPFdSjgzy9EU8r1wEbRtiqEo6AbX4oDaT6mweLjrFmUpNGAtYXdR8y4yCpFQm7qikQEinyJoVnPW_vgGoPFdl6DForlZiKzY-ND4zMrx4mB7xC-hbrlXEuxKCEKvCw/s1600/well-bucket.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnRp98h2eX0S5PGjPFdSjgzy9EU8r1wEbRtiqEo6AbX4oDaT6mweLjrFmUpNGAtYXdR8y4yCpFQm7qikQEinyJoVnPW_vgGoPFdl6DForlZiKzY-ND4zMrx4mB7xC-hbrlXEuxKCEKvCw/s320/well-bucket.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Our
lives are filled with experiences both good and bad: love and rejection,
loyalty and betrayal, happiness and sadness, triumph and failure, confidence
and insecurity, strength and weakness, pain and pleasure. If you think for a
moment, you can surely pull up personal examples of each from memory. We cannot
know the future. Nonetheless, we are inclined either toward optimism or
pessimism. Which inclination has much to do with which memories we privilege
and how we interpret them. If we privilege memories of happiness, we expect
happiness in the future. If we privilege memories of suffering, we expect a
future marred by suffering. Therefore, in a sense, pleasure begets pleasure,
and pain begets pain. What we focus on not only reinforces specific memories,
but</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> shapes our expectations and molds our character.
Levi Yitzhak wants us to privilege joy in our lives—seek it, treasure it,
focus on it, and remember it—because by programming ourselves for joy, we will <i>be
joyous, </i>our attitude will incline toward optimism, and we will be receptive
to blessing. What is more, we will be far more likely to be a blessing to
others. With a positive and joyous approach to life, we will be resilient and
energized to meet the challenges that lie ahead and to find the will and
wherewithal to engage in the issues that concern us most, helping us to live
more fully.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
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<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Levi Yitzhak’s message is universalistic in tone, but he has a particularistic
Jewish message for us, as well: We should look to our traditions and to our
community for joy. Our holy days, our traditions, and our community can all be
sources of joy if we reach out and embrace them and incorporate them in our
lives, removing the rock at the mouth of the well and letting blessing flow
into our lives and through us, into the lives of those we love—and the life of
the world.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
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<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">© Rabbi Amy
Scheinerman</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/11/11/over-200-incidents-hateful-harassment-and-intimidation-election-day"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/11/11/over-200-incidents-hateful-harassment-and-intimidation-election-day</span></a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
and </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://time.com/4573130/racist-incidents-hate-crimes-us/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">http://time.com/4573130/racist-incidents-hate-crimes-us/</span></a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
and </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/hate-on-the-rise-after-trumps-election"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/hate-on-the-rise-after-trumps-election</span></a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> ISI has displaced
more than 3.3 million people in Iraq alone. Millions have fled Syria, headed
for Lebanon, Turkey, the Gulf States, and destinations in Europe.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
http://climate.nasa.gov/.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> He said he would
familiarize himself with key facts “when it’s appropriate.” http://time.com/4022603/2016-election-foreign-affairs-international-relations-donald-trump-republican-nomination/.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/02/world/trump-calls-to-world-leaders.html.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trump-comments-on-science-are-shockingly-ignorant/.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Just in case your
mother or father didn’t share this pithy teaching with you: the reason God gave
us two ears and one mouth is because we should listen twice as much as we talk.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">And when Jacob saw Rachel, the daughter of his
uncle Laban, and the flock of his uncle Laban, Jacob went and rolled the stone
off the mouth of the well, and watered the flock of his uncle Laban. </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">(Genesis
29:10)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-34629027999414011722016-12-02T11:51:00.000-08:002016-12-02T11:51:14.903-08:00What’s With Those Wells? / Parshat Toldot 2016-5777<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">A casual reader of <i>Parshat Toldot</i> could be forgiven for thinking this portion is about Abraham rather than his son Isaac. Many familiar motifs are found here: a patriarch with a barren wife who ultimately gives birth, famine in the land causes the patriarch to leave, the patriarch tells his wife to protect him by claiming she is his sister, and more talk of wells. Concerning the wells, which Torah terms <i>be’er mayyim chayyim </i>(“well of living water”), Torah tells us:</span></span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Philistines stopped up all the wells that his father’s servants had dug in the days of his father Abraham, filling them with earth. And Abimelech said, “Go away from us, for you have become far too numerous for us.” So Isaac departed from there and encamped in the wadi of Gerar, where he settled. Isaac dug anew the wells that had been dug in the days of his father Abraham and which the Philistines had stopped up after Abraham’s death; and he gave them the same names that his father had given them. But when Isaac’s servants, digging in the wadi, found there a well of spring water, the herdsmen of Gerar quarreled with Isaac’s herdsmen, saying, “The water is ours.” (Genesis 26:15-19)</span></b></span></blockquote>
<div class="p2">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">What does the story about Isaac digging anew the wells of his father mean? The Sages offer three suggestions: Peace, Torah, Life.</span></span></div>
<div class="p2">
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">R. Chanina said, “If one sees a well in a dream, he will see peace, as it says, <i>Isaac’s servants, digging in the wadi, found there a well of living water</i> (Genesis 26:19).” R. Natan said, “He will find Torah, as it says, <i>Whoever finds Me finds life </i>(Proverbs 8:35), and it is written here, <i>a well of living water</i>.” Rava said, “It literally means life.” (BT Berakhot 56b)</span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The image of Isaac digging anew the wells of his father, Abraham, has inspired many other beautiful interpretations: never give up; hold close and cherish the traditions of your parents/ancestors; become a well of Torah for others; the fullness of life sometimes flows beneath the surface of our lives and to find it we must dig down. For others, there is a concrete message here about the scarcity of water resources and the importance of equitable distribution of water rights, important in many locales around the globe today.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="s1">I’d like to share yet another way to view the account of Isaac digging out his father’s wells, which is inspired by two interesting questions in tandem: Why is there so much talk about digging, filling, and re-digging wells in Genesis? And why are only Abraham and Isaac involved in digging the wells, but not Jacob? A Kabbalistic interpretation to these questions is offered by the late Shlonimer rebbe, Sholom Noach Berezovsky (1911–1981), the spiritual leader of a small but vibrant hasidic group that originated in Shlonim in Belarus. [1]</span><span class="s2"><sup></sup></span><span class="s1"> </span><span class="s3"><b><i><span style="color: red;">(For some background on Kabbalistic thinking that will aid in appreciating the Shlonimer rebbe’s interpretation, please skip to the bottom of this drash and read that material now.)</span></i> </b></span><span class="s1">Concerning the wells of Abraham and Isaac, Berezovsky writes:</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The wells represent the specific <i>middah </i>(attribute), the approach to serving God, in which each of the patriarchs specialized. Abraham’s well was a source of <i>chesed </i>(kindness) and <i>ahavah </i>(love); Isaac’s brought forth <i>din</i> (justice)<i> </i>and <i>gevurah </i>(strength). Jacob is associated with <i>tiferet </i>(beauty), an amalgam of <i>chesed </i>(kindness) and <i>gevurah </i>(strength)<i>. </i>It did not reveal a new facet of God for people to relate to, but combined the teachings concerning two <i>middot</i> that were by this time already known to others. Jacob did not discover and reveal a new <i>middah</i>, so much as re-engineer two older ones. It makes perfect sense that Jacob does not dig wells of his own. (<i>Netivot Shalom, Toldot)</i></span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Shlonimer rebbe’s reference to divine attributes—<i>middot </i>or <i>sefirot</i>—is familiar to those who have studied Kabbalah. The story of wells reflects Kabbalistic cosmology in his mind. The wells of Abraham symbolize the emanation of <i>chesed </i>(kindness)<i>/ahavah </i>(love)<i>, </i>the <i>sefirah </i>traditionally associated with Abraham,<i> </i>into the world. Isaac digs anew the wells of his father, and then his servants dig additional an “well of living water” that bespeaks the emanation of <i>gevurah </i>(strength)<i>/din </i>(justice)<i>, </i>the <i>sefirah</i> traditionally associated with Isaac, into the world. Jacob, however, who is associated with the sefirah of <i>tiferet </i>(beauty), does not dig any wells. <i>Tiferet,</i> the Shonimer tells us, is not a wholly new and different divine attribute, but rather a combination of the two that came before, the two associated with Abraham and Isaac. The first important lesson here: Not everyone brings something new and original into the world. Some people's contributions arise from re-engineering what already exists or has been discovered into new and useful forms to benefit others. In our society, which places so much emphasis on “originality” and “creativity” and “novelty,” and often deprecates the contributions of so many because they did not give birth to something wholly new and unprecedented, this alone is a reassuring message. Most of us—if any of us!—come up with something unprecedented and ground breaking, yet our contributions can be exceedingly important and meaningful to the world. Intellectual advancement, scientific research and discovery, and art all progress incrementally, building on the accomplishments and insights of those who came before. Each generation, each practitioner, “stands on the shoulders of giants.”</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Shlonimer rebbe goes even further. He says that sometimes we cannot sustain the progress we have made backslide or lose ground. Who hasn’t experienced this? Sometimes our best efforts are “vandalized”—the wells fill up and we cannot draw water from them for a time. Sound familiar? Two steps forward, one step back. This happens; we shouldn’t allow it to demoralize us, because even if we cannot recognize it in the moment, we have not lost everything. Our efforts and accomplishments have not evaporated and disappeared. Everything we have become and done affects the world permanently. Our achievements have influenced the world and their imprint remains. All the good we done—every generous deed, every kind word, every effort to ascend spiritually—is secured. None of it is lost. No good is ever wasted or lost. Ever.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[1] </span></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">Rabbi Sholom Noach Berezovsky was sent to live in Palestine when he was young. Most of his family perished in the Holocaust, and most of the Shlonimer community was wiped out. Rabbi Berezovsky built a new community in Israel.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>A few words about Kabbalah to help the reader glean more </i></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">There are many ways to interpret Torah, many lenses through which to view the stories. One lens is Jewish mysticism. Among the pre-eminent books of Jewish mysticism is the <i>Zohar (“The Book of Radiance”)</i>, which purports to be written by a second century rabbi named Shimon bar Yochai.</span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"><sup></sup></span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"> [2] According to Talmud, R. Shimon hid in a cave for thirteen years to avoid Roman persecution. The legend arose that during those thirteen years R. Shimon studied Kabbalah and wrote the <i>Zohar</i>, a mystical interpretation of Judaism that reveals the hidden truth of Torah. The <i>Zohar </i>is quite explicit in its claim that to be properly understood, Torah must not be interpreted merely on the level of <i>p’shat </i>(contextual meaning)— <i>p’shat</i> cannot reveal the depth of its truth.</span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Rabbi Shimon said, “Woe to the human being who says that Torah presents mere stories and ordinary words! If so, we could compose a Torah right now with ordinary words, and better than all of them! To present matters of the world? Even rulers of the world possess words more sublime. If so, let us follow them and make a Torah out of them. Ah, but all the words of Torah are sublime words, sublime secrets! (<i>Zohar </i>3:152a)</span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Yes, Torah looks and feels like a book of stories and laws, but that is merely <i>appearance</i>, the<i> Zohar </i>tells us: </span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">So this story of Torah is the garment of Torah. Whoever thinks that the garment is the real Torah and not something else—may his spirit deflate!… That is why David said, <i>Open my eyes so I can see wonders out of Your Torah! </i>(Psalm 119:18), what is under the garment of Torah! Come and see: There is a garment visible to all. When fools see someone in a good-looking garment they look no further. But the essence of the garment is the body; the essence of the body is the soul! </span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="s1">Torah is a disguise composed of stories and laws that contains, conceals, and safeguards the truth of ultimate reality. Yes, they can understood as “mere stories and ordinary words” but what is holy and divine about that? Anyone can write stories—even better stories. The mission of the mystic is to strip away the concealing garments and reveal the inner truth, to see through the body (apparent, physical reality) and into the unseen, but not unknowable, soul of the universe. For the Zohar, and many forms of Jewish mysticism, </span><span class="s4">Torah is an allegory of ultimate truth</span><span class="s1">, a window on Reality, which is God. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrJZVTL_xD9W5Q43Y4ZA-dJqoZqMYiVj8BNiWY35TH4aFAH0fcINGpoFR6wLGE87Oy3mfAuCjQjFbctTMIlp8_-FE5oemg8YRD4mvFh2fw2SSARzfs1znZ9m7GyspPsMI7gYiH3eX-l_4/s1600/sefirot-body.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrJZVTL_xD9W5Q43Y4ZA-dJqoZqMYiVj8BNiWY35TH4aFAH0fcINGpoFR6wLGE87Oy3mfAuCjQjFbctTMIlp8_-FE5oemg8YRD4mvFh2fw2SSARzfs1znZ9m7GyspPsMI7gYiH3eX-l_4/s400/sefirot-body.png" width="178" /></a><span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">For Kabbalists, God is manifest in the world, and the world came into being, through ten <i>sefirot</i>, emanations of attributes of the Divine which can be thought of as traits of God or as archetypes of existence. Kabbalists often arrange these in a “tree” diagram, which may be familiar to you. (Please see the diagram below.) The sefirot are a way of talking about the abstract structure of reality, the meaning and purpose of life. They are a way of identifying holiness in our lives and in our world. They are also the kabbalists’ map of the universe: the universe is composed of the divine traits of God erupting and flowing into the world to be made manifest. The understanding behind that notion is that the world is filled with the divine; indeed, the universe is all contained within the divine, within God. The secret of the unity of God (as we affirm when we say Shema) is that all is contained within God, all is One. God is the Ein Sof (“without end”)—the Infinite One. </span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The kabbalists sometimes portrayed the <i>sefirot</i>/<i>middot</i> (divine attributes or qualities) as a human body, the “body of God,” as in the diagram on the right. They often associated the sefirot (the <i>middot</i>, or divine attributes) with biblical personages, as noted on the diagram on the previous page. Abraham is associated with <i>chesed </i>(kindness)/<i>ahavah </i>(love); Isaac is associated with <i>gevurah </i>(strength)/<i>din </i>(justice); and Jacob is associated with <i>tiferet </i>(beauty)/<i>rachamim </i>(compassion). The <i>sefirot / middot </i>are also associated with body parts, allowing kabbalists to envision the diagram as a human form rather than a tree. An example in on the right.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[2] </span></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">The </span><i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">Zohar </i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">was actually written in Spain in the 13th century by Moses de Leon.</span></span></div>
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Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-54398898191389301152016-11-25T09:11:00.003-08:002016-11-25T09:11:26.950-08:00The Most Important Mitzvah of All / Parshat Chayei Sara 2016-5777<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Mark Twain once said, “Kindness is the language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see.” Can you be kind yet also deaf and blind to the true meaning of kindness? Many years ago, I met a friend at an eatery in a heavily Jewish neighborhood of Baltimore. As I waited, two women came in, both wearing sheitels. One said, “I did a <i>chesed</i> [kind deed] today.” “How wonderful!” exclaimed her friend with enthusiasm. The second woman then asked, “What did you do?” but the first woman replied, “More <i>zechut</i> [merit] for <i>olam ha-ba </i>[the world-to-come].” Her friend responded politely but looked chagrined. The first woman had ignored her friend’s question and reflected that her kind deed would earn her a greater reward in the world-to-come. The deed had little meaning for her beyond the brownie points it would earn her with God, redeemable in the next life.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1">The attitude the first woman expressed is related to a teaching attributed to no less than Rabbi Yehudah ha-Nasi, who said: </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s2"><b><span style="font-size: large;">והוי זהיר במצוה קלה כמצוה חמורה (“Be as attentive to a minor mitzvah as to a major one”)</span></b></span><span class="s1">.</span><span class="s3"><sup></sup></span></span><span class="s1"> Rabbi’s statement admits that there are “minor” commandments and “major” commandments but his reasoning establishes the motivation for attentiveness to all mitvzot: </span><span class="s2"><b><span style="font-size: large;">שאין אתה יודע מתן שכרן של מצוות (“for you do not know the reward for each of the mitzvot”)</span></b></span><span class="s1">. I imagine that, in his time, before the rabbinic tradition was well established and widely accepted by the Jewish people, Rabbi’s appeal to the world-to-come was a powerful motivator. It continues to be a powerful incentive for many, as it was for the first woman. But for those whose view is more expansive (the second woman), or those who do not believe there is a literal world-to-come (or aren’t sure), or those who don’t believe that religious and moral decisions should be made according to one’s selfish expectation of gain, Rabbi’s teaching is problematic.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Not surprisingly, it is but one of many teachings that have come down to us. Overwhelmingly, our tradition asserts that <i>chesed </i>(deeds of loving kindness) is the most important mitzvah we can perform, and this week’s parashah, <i>Chayei Sara, </i>illustrates what the Rabbis themselves tell us many times in many ways. <i>Chayei Sara</i> opens with a report of the death of the matriarch Sarah. Her husband, Abraham, undertakes to bury her; the story of how he goes about it teaches us much about <i>chesed</i>. The mitzvah of participating in a burial is a <i>chesed shel emet</i>—the truest kind of kindness—because it is entirely altruistic. The deceased cannot know and appreciate what you have done, nor ever pay you back. That is why serving on a <i>chevra kaddisha </i>(burial society)—washing and preparing the body for burial—is a position of great righteousness and honor in the community. Abraham purchases not merely a plot for burial, but the entire cave of Machpelah from Ephron the Hittite. He pays top dollar to acquire the cave and the field in which it sits. He spares nothing to fulfill the mitzvah of <i>chesed shel emet </i>for his beloved Sarah.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1">Kindness permeates this parashah. Following Sarah’s death, Abraham sends his servant, Eliezer, to Nahor to find a wife for Isaac. Eliezer has full authority to choose a suitable mate for Isaac. How does he proceed? Eliezer has a test in mind: The young woman who exhibits an inherent proclivity for <i>chesed </i>is the most suitable wife for Isaac. Moments later, Rebekah arrives. Eliezer races over to her and says, </span><span class="s2"><b><span style="font-size: large;">“Please let me sip a little water from your jar.”</span></b></span><span class="s1"> Rebekah replies, </span><span class="s2"><b><span style="font-size: large;">“Drink, my lord. I will also draw water for your camels until they finish drinking.”</span></b></span><span class="s1"> (Genesis24:15-20) Torah tells us that Eliezer, </span><span class="s2"><b><span style="font-size: large;">meanwhile, stood gazing at her, silently wondering whether Adonai had showered his mission with successful </span></b></span><span class="s1">(Genesis 24:21). Eliezer cannot be much in doubt, because he gives Rebekah a gold nose-ring and two gold bracelets. Rebekah invites the stranger back to her family’s home, an invitation that again demonstrates her quality of <i>chesed</i>. And while Torah makes it clear that her father, Laban, after one look at the gold jewelry is prepared to send his daughter away with this stranger, Torah is equally clear that Rebekah’s salient quality—the one Eliezer sought and found in her—is kindness. </span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The <i>parashah</i> closes with the death of the patriarch Abraham and here, too, we see <i>chesed shel emet</i> at work. Isaac and Ishmael, who separated long ago and have not seen one another since, and probably have entirely understandable bitter feelings toward one another, nonetheless come together one last time to bury their father next to their mother in the Cave of Machpelah. Their act of <i>chesed </i>is prioritized over everything they have experienced and feel toward one another.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Some are accustomed to thinking that <i>tzedakah </i>is the premier mitzvah, but the Sages teach otherwise:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s4"> </span><span class="s1"><b>ת"ר בשלשה דברים גדולה גמילות חסדים יותר מן הצדקה צדקה בממונו גמילות חסדים בי</b></span><span class="s4">ן</span><span class="s1"><b> בגופו בין בממונו צדקה לעניים גמילות חסדים בין לעניים בין לעשירים צדקה לחיים גמילות חסדים בין לחיים בין למתים</b></span></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Our Rabbis taught: <i>Chesed</i> is superior to <i>tzedakah</i> in three ways: <i>Tzedakah</i> is done with one’s money, but <i>chesed</i> is done with one’s money or with one’s person. <i>Tzedakah</i> is given only to the poor, but <i>chesed</i> may be given to both the poor and the rich. <i>Tzedakah</i> is given only to the living, but <i>chesed</i> may be shown to the both the living and the dead. (BT Sukkah 49b)</span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">And in the Talmud, the Sages explain (BT Sotah 14a) that God fulfills the mitzvah of <i>chesed, </i>not assigning or relegating it to others, both because the mitzvah is so important and because God wants us to know that we, too, should fulfill the mitzvah ourselves. The Sages provide four examples, complete with verses that demonstrate that God performed these deeds: (1) God clothes the naked. God provided Adam and Even with coats of skins when they left the Garden of Eden. Therefore, we, too, should clothe the naked. (2) God visits the sick. God visited Abraham while he was recuperating from his circumcision. Therefore, we, too, should visit the sick. (3) God consoles mourners. God blessed Isaac in his bereavement over his father, Abraham. Therefore, we, too, should console mourners. (4) God buries the dead. God buried Moses. Therefore, we, too, should bury the dead.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1">The ancient Chinese philosopher and founder of Taoism, Lao-Tzu, taught: “Kindness in words creates confidence. Kindness in thinking creates profoundness. Kindness in giving creates love.” This is a fine reminder that kindness is dispensed in words, thoughts, and deeds, and that each has a far-reaching impact on others. The Dalai Lama taught: “There is no need for temples, no need for complicated philosophies. My brain and my heart are my temples; my philosophy is kindness.” His thinking is echoed by the Rabbis in <i>Avot d'Rabbi Natan</i> 4:21: R. Yehoshua b. Chananiah teaches his master, Rabban Yochanan b. Zakkai, who mourns the Temple and loss of the altar as a means of atonement that <i>chesed </i>is no less effective as a means of atonement. R. Yehoshua quotes the prophet Hosea, who says, </span><span class="s2"><b><i><span style="font-size: large;">I desire chesed and not sacrifice</span> </i></b></span><span class="s1">(Hosea 6:6).</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVCzPeQGeZJrYr-HwTxoyoF3YaBkSqx21ASQx0HnVBPSOGd6p7qXi8gsw9nGHws6O6t5tLiNHSw8KP2iQGD1aXkYFrtGVmBza9iku245ltv4HVpBJit07HTsWmslNQrKE3vFJR8AQu_-8/s1600/tissues.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVCzPeQGeZJrYr-HwTxoyoF3YaBkSqx21ASQx0HnVBPSOGd6p7qXi8gsw9nGHws6O6t5tLiNHSw8KP2iQGD1aXkYFrtGVmBza9iku245ltv4HVpBJit07HTsWmslNQrKE3vFJR8AQu_-8/s200/tissues.png" width="200" /></a><span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The day before Thanksgiving, I stood on a long, long line at a dollar store. Four teens at the head of the line checking out were counting out 50 pairs of gloves, dozens of packs of tissues, and a number of other things I couldn’t see. At one point, one of them came back to the rack near where I stood on line to collect more gloves. “Who’s getting these?” I asked her. “We’re taking them to a homeless shelter in Washington, DC,” she replied. No sooner had the teens finished checking out, than one of them, consulting their shopping list, realized that they were short one pack of tissues. She asked the cashier to ring up the additional item. The cashier wasn’t sure what to do because she was about to ring up the next customer. That customer pointed to the back of the long, long line and told the teen she would now need to wait on line again. But the woman behind him said to the teen, “Just take the tissues. I’ll have them add it to my bill. Go in peace,” and another customer on line said to this woman, “God bless you for your kindness.” </span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Each day we are faced with choices large and small. Will we act with kindness and fulfill the mitzvah of <i>chesed</i>?</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">© Rabbi Amy Scheinerman</span></span></div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-72794761399232662762016-11-18T11:46:00.000-08:002016-11-18T15:50:21.332-08:00Now What? / Parshat Vayera 2016-5777<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Many
people have remarked that the recent presidential election is unprecedented. In
the past week I’ve heard: “I’ve never seen anything like it.” “This is
terrifying.” “We’ve never had a candidate or a campaign like this one.” “I’ve
never felt this awful after an election.” (I also heard many unprintable
comments.) Several people have reported that they are wondering if they should
move to another country.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> This election is a first in many ways.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">On the
Torah front, in contrast, you might be having a sense of <i>deja vu</i>: This
week’s <i>parashah</i> is <i>Vayera</i> and includes the <i>Akeidah</i> (the
Binding of Isaac). Yes, we’re reading Genesis chapter 22 again, just six weeks
after reading it on Rosh Hashanah. What can it teach us now, in the wake of the
presidential election, and in the face of the fear and despair gripping so many
and a political divide greater than any most people alive can recall in their
lifetimes?</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The
harrowing and terrifying tale of the <i>Akeidah</i> is told in only nineteen
verses, yet it is anything but simple, and the many interpretations that have
been layered on top of it elevate it to one of the most complex biblical
stories of all. Scores of interpreters have sought to make sense of a deeply
troubling and frightening story. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The
bare bones of the story are: God instructs Abraham to offer up his son Isaac as
a sacrifice on a mountain God will specify. Abraham unhesitatingly complies and
surrenders the child for whom he waited and longed and who was born when he was
one hundred years old. In an act of complete self-effacement in the face of the
divine, Abraham binds Isaac to an altar and prepares to slit his throat to
please God. But God not only does not want this sacrifice, God forbids it. A
ram is sacrificed in Isaac’s stead. Isaac lives to inherit the covenant from
his father, and passes it on to his son, Jacob.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">For
many of the Chachamim, the story is a paradigm for what they understand to be the
ideal divine-human relationship: Abraham completely subjugates his will, and
even his moral compass, to obey the divine command of God. Imagining the
thoughts and feelings of Abraham and Isaac, traveling together for three days
to Mount Moriah, the Rabbis introduce Satan, the prosecuting attorney in the
heavenly court, into the drama. Satan prods, pokes, provokes. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">And rose up, and
went</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (Gen. 22:3). On the way, Satan ran ahead of Abraham, appeared
before him in the guise of an old man, and asked, “Where are you going?” Abraham:
“To pray.” Satan: “Why should one going to pray have fire and a knife in his
hand, and kindling wood on his shoulder?” Abraham: “We may stay there a day or
two, and we will have to slaughter an animal, bake bread, and eat.” Satan: “Old
man, do you think I was not there when the Holy One said to you, ‘Take your son’?
Old man, you are out of your mind. A son who was given you at the age of one
hundred and you are setting out to kill him!” Abraham: “Even so.” Satan: “And
should God test you even more severely, will you still stand firm?” Abraham: “Yes,
even more and more severely.” Satan: “But tomorrow God will call you murderer
for shedding the blood of your son.” Abraham: “Even so.”</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><b><sup><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="border: none; color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></b></a><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Satan’s
attempts to dissuade Abraham from obeying God and to </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">convince </span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">him that God will accuse him of murder on the day
after he slaughters Isaac fail. Abraham is steadfastly determined to obey God. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Satan
next appeals to Isaac’s love for his mother, Sarah, and tells Isaac that he
will break his mother’s heart if he goes along with Abraham, who is a deranged
old man. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Seeing that his
efforts were in vain, Satan left Abraham and, disguising himself as a young
man, stood at Isaac’s right and said, “Where are you going?” Isaac: “To study
Torah.” Satan: “While still alive or after your death?” Isaac: “Is there a man
who can study after his death?” Satan: “O hapless son of a hapless mother! How
many fasts did your mother fast, how many prayers did she utter until at last
you were born! And now this old man has gone mad in his old age and is about to
slit your throat.” Isaac: “Nevertheless, I shall not deviate from the will of
my Maker and from the bidding of my father.” </span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><b><sup><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="border: none; color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></b></a><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Like
Abraham, Isaac remains adamantly determined to comply with God’s command.
Casting morality aside, Abraham and Isaac follow a path of destruction. Only
God’s intervention prevents Isaac’s death. As dramatic as these midrashim are,
blind obedience does not seem to shed constructive light on our current
situation.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Another
rabbinic interpretation suggests that Abraham was either clueless, or a fanatic
who misinterpreted God’s command:</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">…take your son, your
favored son, Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moria and offer him up
(</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; font-size: 10.0pt;">והעלהו</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ve’ha’</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="DE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aleihu</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">) there. They recited a </span></b><b><i><span lang="DE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">mashal</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (parable): It is like a king who said to his admirer, “Offer up
(</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; font-size: 10.0pt;">העלה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ha’</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="NL" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">alei</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">) your son on my table.” The admirer, a knife in his hand,
brought his son. The king said, “Did I tell you to offer him so as to eat him?
I said, ‘Raise him up [exalt him] in love!’” Nimshal (application of the
parable): this is what is written: <i>…it never occurred<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>(</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; font-size: 10.0pt;">עלי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; font-size: 10.0pt;">עלה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; font-size: 10.0pt;">לא</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">lo alah alay</span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">) </span></b><b><i><span lang="IT" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">to Me</span></i></b><b><span lang="IT" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (Jeremiah 19:5) </span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">– this verse refers
to Isaac.</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><b><sup><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="border: none; color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></b></a><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">While “cluelessness”
and “fanaticism” have been applied to the recent campaign and election, this
doesn’t seem to be a constructive line of analysis. And it certainly does not
raise our mood, engender hope, or foster a constructive engagement with the
issues at hand.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Several
modern interpretations have criticized Abraham for failing to refuse God’s
immoral command. Abraham, who negotiated with God over the fate of the innocent
in Sodom and Gomorrah, betrays the very principles of justice and compassion
that God taught him when it came to his son. These interpretations suggest that
it is little wonder that God never again speaks directly with Abraham again.
While some political leaders have been condemned for betraying their values to
support their party, this interpretation does little to help us a chart a
course for the challenges facing our nation.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Given
so many dead ends, I turn in another direction, not toward a midrash or
interpretation of </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXIy6ZwoJHgM20qa8gGRIndIzq6-Szpg9q23vT4aV03Z4h4FPYaXoxz65ZOjinQrk1PM7MQ1AKuzt57irn0cv60WIXo9aUUqzU64ToXtPxA0mHHu0JQEkaj-aMWEqpyIDsqLPhrh-zcVY/s1600/yehuda-amichai.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXIy6ZwoJHgM20qa8gGRIndIzq6-Szpg9q23vT4aV03Z4h4FPYaXoxz65ZOjinQrk1PM7MQ1AKuzt57irn0cv60WIXo9aUUqzU64ToXtPxA0mHHu0JQEkaj-aMWEqpyIDsqLPhrh-zcVY/s320/yehuda-amichai.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
the <i>Akeidah</i>, but toward a poem which draws on the
imagery of the <i>Akeidah</i>. The poem is by Israel’s poet laureate, Yehudah
Amichai. Amichai was born in Germany in 1924; his family made aliyah in 1936
and he lived in Jerusalem until his death a week prior to Rosh Hashanah, 2000.
Amichai served in the British Army and the Israeli Defense Forces for wars of
1948, 1956, and 1973. He longed for peace and reconciliation between Israelis
and Palestinians, and was a founder of Peace Now. In 1982, he was awarded
Israel’s highest honor: the Israel Prize.<span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">An Arab shepherd is
searching for his goat on Mount Zion</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">And on the opposite
hill I am searching for my little boy.</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">An Arab shepherd and
a Jewish father</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Both in their
temporary failure.</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Our two voices met
above</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Sultan's Pool in
the valley between us.</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Neither of us wants
the boy or the goat</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">To get caught in the
wheels</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Of the "Ch</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ad Gadya" machine.</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Afterward we found
them among the bushes,</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">And our voices came
back inside us</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Laughing and crying.</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Searching for a goat
or for a child has always been</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.55pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The beginning of a
new religion in these mountains.</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Both
the Arab and the Israeli are searching for those who have gone missing in the
same area around Mount Zion: the goat of the one and the child of the other.
Two people engaged in the same activity of searching and worrying, both calling
out for their missing one, both feeling vulnerable and frightened. One can
easily imagine that the Israeli father feels that the Arab poses a danger to
his son, and the Arab feels that the Israeli poses a danger to his goat. The
image of a father and his vulnerable son on the mountain evokes the image of
Abraham and Isaac on Mount Moriah—will Isaac survive and return home with his
father? </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3bp2wudW7HsZXovTIuo7kcWT8uTCINRI5EDrs3QoDJIzI8Yzm2wfOTlaFSQP_AzbJTTmNSSNdiYE7_XuMhlJG-86GDXDrnG5wSkf3aJLOjIK9Z3ZaCvGK9KBUmDzygzE6kIAuJu7pN-4/s1600/Chad-Gadya-Szyk-haggadah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3bp2wudW7HsZXovTIuo7kcWT8uTCINRI5EDrs3QoDJIzI8Yzm2wfOTlaFSQP_AzbJTTmNSSNdiYE7_XuMhlJG-86GDXDrnG5wSkf3aJLOjIK9Z3ZaCvGK9KBUmDzygzE6kIAuJu7pN-4/s400/Chad-Gadya-Szyk-haggadah.jpg" width="326" /></a></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Both
the Arab and the Israeli fear the “Chad Gadya” machine, a reference to the
Aramaic song sung at the end of the Pesach seder about a cascade of devastating
and linked events: the goat is eaten by the cat that is devoured by the dog
that is beaten by the stick that is burned by fire that is doused with water
that is drunk by an ox that is killed by a slaughterer who is cut down by the <i>malakh
ha-mavet </i>(the angel of death). Finally, in the end, God destroys the <i>malakh
ha-mavet</i>—but by then everything is dead or has been destroyed. The <i>Chad
Gadya </i>cascade of violence and retaliation, reprisal and retribution,
becomes Amichai’s metaphor for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. But it also
evokes what has recently passed for public discourse in our own country
(political gut-punching is perhaps a better description): two sides talking
past one another, thinking the worst of one another, fearing one another,
demonizing one another.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">In the
end, the goat and the child are found together in the </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 120%;">bushes—evoking</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> an image of </span><b><i><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">the ram, caught in the thicket by its horns </span></i></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">(Genesis 22:13)</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">. The search is over, and its conclusion comes with
insight and understanding between the Arab and the Israeli, who have shared
comparable experiences. Amichai’s commentary closes the poem: “Searching for a
goat or for a child has always been the beginning of a new religion in these
mountains.” This is a reference to the three “Abrahamic” religions: Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> whose differences have led to hatred, atrocities,
and wars, overshadowing the much they share in common.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The
Arab and the Israeli, in their vulnerability and fear, have come to understand
something significant about one another. They have heard one another’s voice in
the valley between them, and this has brought them together to the spot where
the child and the goat sit under the bush.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">Each
side of our political divide needs to seek an honest and non-ideological
understanding of the “Other” that will allow us to chart a path forward that
addresses the needs of those whose vision and viewpoint we do not share.
Perhaps if we begin by trying to understand one another’s fears and
vulnerabilities—these brought the Arab and the Israeli together—we, too, can
meet in the valley. We need to listen, to learn, and to reflect on the
perspective of a great many people in this country whose experience is not our
own. And then we need to engage in every way we can to promote justice for
everyone and protect those who, in this new age, are most vulnerable.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">© Rabbi Amy
Scheinerman</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
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<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> You may have heard
that the Canadian immigration web site crashed just after the election results
were announced.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> From </span><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">The Book of Legends: Legends from the Talmud and
Midrash</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, ed. by Hayim Nahman Bialik and
Yehoshua Hana Ravnitzky.</span><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"> </span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Op. cit.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">Genesis Rabbah </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">56:8.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Abraham offered
Isaac as a sacrifice on Mount Moriah, understood to be the same as the Temple
Mount. Jesus took his disciples Peter, James, and John to pray on a mountain
(Matthew 17:1ff). Muhammed is believed to have ascended to heaven from
Jerusalem (this is known as the Night Journey).</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Perhaps also an
allusion to Ishmael (viewed as the progenitor of the Arab nations), whom Hagar
left sitting alone under a bush so she wouldn’t see him die.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-92155707730123336752016-11-04T07:23:00.000-07:002016-11-04T07:26:25.170-07:00Whence Evil? / Parshat Noach 2016-5777<div class="p1">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQXaM4qe8zP5y2weZhaaOHd1NkBhyd5HHNOA6v3rn-gQv80mV10aDsdAPE1y_Ac0r6jv_G3bauM4XGKhI0lWwI8Ew6olkTd1PHzkLCD0ALIlJjocDaVCbMmVG_WYUQRt6SZV_GE26Fg34/s1600/escher-devilsangels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQXaM4qe8zP5y2weZhaaOHd1NkBhyd5HHNOA6v3rn-gQv80mV10aDsdAPE1y_Ac0r6jv_G3bauM4XGKhI0lWwI8Ew6olkTd1PHzkLCD0ALIlJjocDaVCbMmVG_WYUQRt6SZV_GE26Fg34/s400/escher-devilsangels.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Do you recognize the design at the left? It is a woodcut by the Swiss graphic artist, M.C. Escher. Escher completed this piece shortly following his 62nd birthday. If you look closely, you will see that he has created a “sphere” of interlocking, tessellated angels and demons tiling the entire piece. </span><br />
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Most every culture and religious tradition has its versions of “angels” and “demons.” While there are significant differences in how these emblems of righteousness and wickedness are conceived and function, one commonality is that they open conversations about human moral behavior. Escher’s tessellated angels and demons seem to suggest that good and evil exist intermixed in close proximity in each of us. None of us is wholly good or utterly evil. We are like Escher’s woodcut: a mosaic of good and evil. </span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Parshat Noach addresses the subject of evil head-on; it tells the story of a flood that engulfed the world in God’s unsuccessful attempt to rid Creation of evil. According to the Torah, God brought the flood in response to human evil that has grown so violent and widespread, so vile and noxious, that God quite literally reverses Creation: the very waters that emerged from the Garden of Eden to water the world and make it habitable to plant and animal life now converge to erase virtually all life from the planet. Only one family and enough animals to reproduce and repopulate the world after the watery cataclysm survive, secured in a wooden ark that weathers the 40-day typhoon and many subsequent months of bobbing along on the ocean. Torah’s purpose is to explore God’s response to human evil. Torah does not flinch in telling us what a mistake God made, so much so that God vows never to repeat it—the rainbow serves to remind God of this promise. But Torah does not tell us why the people turned evil, only that they did. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1">When the Rabbis explore the story of the Flood, they first question Noah’s righteousness. Torah seems confident that Noah—and Noah, alone, in his generation—is righteous. <b><span style="color: #0b5394;">...Noah was a righteous man; he was blameless in his age... (Genesis 6:1)</span></b> </span><span class="s1">But the Rabbis question even this statement: </span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>This is the line of Noah. Noah was a righteous man, he was blameless in his generation </i>(Genesis 6:9). R. Yochanan said: In his generation but not in other generations. But Reish Lakish said: [If] in his generation, then in other generations. R. Chanina said: A parable for R. Yochanan[’s opinion]: To what is the matter analogous? To a barrel of wine lying in a cellar full of vinegar. In its place, its aroma wafts [i.e., is noticeable and comparatively pleasant]. When not in its place, its aroma does not waft [i.e., is not noticeable]. R. Oshayah said: A parable for Reish Lakish[’s opinion]: To what is the matter analogous? To a flask of fragrant balsam oil lying in a filthy place. In its place, its aroma wafts [and is noticeably pleasant]; and all the more so in a fragrant place. (BT Sanhedrin 108a)</span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">R. Yochanan tells us that Torah includes the seemingly superfluous words, “in his generation,” because had Noah lived in any other generation, he would not have been deemed righteous. The people in his generation were so evil that comparatively, Noah was good. Noah can only be considered good when compared with people whose wickedness and corruption were so extreme that God saw fit to destroy them. For R. Yochanan, Noah’s righteousness is a relative matter. This is not a rousing accolade of Noah. R. Yochanan’s student, study partner, and brother-in-law, Reish Lakish, understands Torah’s comment entirely differently. “In his generation” exalts Noah’s righteousness: If Noah acts righteously even when everyone around him is wicked and corrupt, then he must be exceptionally righteous and he would certainly be deemed righteousness in any time or place. For Reish Lakish, Noah’s righteousness is an absolute fact, and all the more meritorious given the immoral environment in which he lived. R. Chanina and R. Oshayah offer parables that drive home their colleagues’ points about Noah’s goodness being relative or absolute. Given how much human behavior (our behavior!) is influenced by others, and how much people excuse with the words, “Everyone’s doing it!” the conversation of R. Yochanan and Reish Lakish gives us much to ponder.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When the Bavli (Babylonian Talmud) discusses the Flood story, the Rabbis seeks to identify if not <i>the </i>source of human evil then at least a significant source of evil. In doing so, they draw heavily from the Book of Job, and in particular chapter 21, so let us turn to that text first. Job has been visited by his “friends,” Eldad, Bilhaz, and Zophar (friends like this you don’t need and I hope you are never afflicted with them). Finding Job in great distress and suffering (he has lost his children, as well as his flocks, herds, and wealth, and is stricken with painful afflictions), his visitors explain in excruciating detail that suffering is God’s recompense for evil. Since Job is suffering, they reason, he must have committed evil. That being the case, Job should acknowledge his evil, repent, and ask God’s forgiveness. Job is having none of it. He has lived a righteous life; he has been good and generous to other people and loyal to God. He tells his “friends” that they speak nonsense, since anyone can see that the world is inhabited by evil people who thrive.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The Rabbis use the verses of Job’s caustic response to his friends’ assertion that suffering is God’s recompense for evil in order to craft a rabbinic explanation for a <i>source </i>of human evil. (They are italicized and noted in the paragraph below, which is found in the Babylonian Talmud, tractate Sanhedrin 108a.)</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The Rabbis taught in a baraita: The generation of the flood became arrogant only because of the bounty that the Holy One Blessed be God lavished upon them. What is written concerning them? <i>Their houses were secure, without fear; they do not feel the rod of God </i>(Job 21:9). And it is written, <i>Their bull breeds and does not fail; their cow calves and never miscarries </i>(Job 21:10). And it is written, <i>They let their infants run free like sheep, and their children skip about </i>(Job 21:11). And it is written, <i>They sing to the music of timbrel and lute, and revel to the tune of the pipe </i>(Job 21:12). And it is written, <i>They shall spend their days in happiness, their years in delight </i>(Job 36:11), and it is written, <i>They go down to Sheol in peace </i>(Job 21:13). And this caused them to say to God: “<i>Leave us alone, we do not want to learn Your ways. What is Shaddai that we should serve [God] What will we gain by praying to [God]?” </i>(Job 21:14-15) They said: Do we need [God] for anything other than a bit of rain? We have rivers and streams from which to supply ourselves. The Holy Blessed One said, “With the very bounty that I lavished upon them, they are provoking me! With that [same bounty] I will punish them!” As it is said, <i>As for Me — I am prepared to bring the flood </i>(Genesis 6:17). (BT Sanhedrin 108a)</span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the Talmud’s description, the generation of the flood enjoy the blessings of prosperity and, attributing their bounty entirely to their own hand, fail to recognize their indebtedness to God for the good fortune they enjoy. They come to the conclusion that God is superfluous to their lives, except perhaps for a “bit of rain”—the one thing they cannot purchase or manufacture. In the ancient world, when this text was written, rain was hardly a minor aspect of life, as “a bit of rain” suggests. It was all-important. Drought spelled disaster: famine could easily overtake even the wealthy. Yet those who were smugly secure in their wealth, seeing it as their entitlement rather than blessing, misjudge everything, including the vital importance of rain.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The Rabbis’ comments about evil that ensues from smug entitlement in the place of gratitude applies not only to the generation of the Flood, but to every generation. Torah warns against this:</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">[Do not] say to yourselves, “My own power and the might of my own hand have won this wealth for me.” Remember that it is Adonai your God who gives you the power to get wealth, in fulfillment of the covenant that [God] made on oath with your ancestors, as is still the case. (Deuteronomy 8:17-18)</span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The Rabbis’ warning (for all generations) is that this attitude can give rise to deeds and failures to act that lead to corruption, violence, and the erosion of society. For example: If my wealth is all mine and I am beholden to no one, I might choose to live my life walled off from all those whom I consider different from myself. If I believe I owe no thanks to God, Who deems it appropriate to share my wealth (since in reality I am the caretaker for the true owner: God), then I might decide to keep it all for myself and ignore the needs of others. If my life is Easy Street and I erroneously see that as my entitled due, failing to recognizes the advantages and opportunities with which I have been blessed, then the suffering of others may cause me no concern and evoke in me neither compassion nor response. Angels and demons in close proximity.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When you look around today, does some of this look familiar to you? The Rabbis are keenly aware that attitudes translate into actions that either build or erode society.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">© Rabbi Amy Scheinerman</span></span></div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-53403666363358506872016-10-21T09:21:00.001-07:002016-10-21T09:24:01.059-07:00Sukkot & Rising Sea Levels / Sukkot 2016-5777<div class="p1">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1">The festival of Sukkot has become a reminder of our deep and abiding connection with the earth. Indeed, our lives dependent upon and inextricably interwoven with our fragile environment. Water is an integral part of Sukkot, in particular, because Sukkot not only celebrates the harvest at the end of the growing season, but occurs at the time of year when the winter rains begin in the Land of Israel; the winter rains will determine whether the coming year will bring the curse of famine-induced drought or the blessing of abundance. When the Second Temple stood, each night of Sukkot featured the <i>Simchat Bet haSho’avah </i>(water-drawing ceremony), a Jewish Mardi Gras-like event celebrating the imminent return of rain after the long, dry months of summer during which no rain falls in the Land of Israel. With the stirring words of Isaiah 12:3 in mind, </span><span class="s2"><b><i>With joy shall you draw water out of the weeks of salvation</i></b></span><span class="s1"><i>,</i> each morning during Sukkot priests went to the Shiloah Pool (pictured at the right as it appears today)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">, filled a golden flask with water and, greeted by the blasts of a shofar, they would bring it back to the Temple through the Water Gate and pour the water over the altar together with wine. The evening relighting of the menorah in the Temple courtyard inaugurated a torchlit parade accompanied by Levites playing flutes, harps, trumpets, and cymbals. People danced and sang. The Talmud records that <span class="s2"><b>“one who had never witnessed the rejoicing at the place of the water-drawing had never seen true joy in their life.” (BT Sukkot 51b)</b></span><span class="s1"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1">When I think about water on Sukkot, I also have rain in mind: I hope it holds off until Sukkot is over so that we can enjoy more time — dry and comfortable — in our sukkah. (Warm weather helps, too.) Today, many areas on our planet have serious concerns related to rain, but another water-related problem is rising sea levels due to global climate change: Human activity has released heat-trapping gases into our atmosphere. As a direct result, our planet’s seas and oceans are warming and expanding (this is called thermal inversion) and glaciers and the polar ice caps are melting. Over the past century, the Global Mean Sea Level has risen four to eight inches and the rate of increase has accelerated dramatically over the past two decades—and continues to do so. Recent studies predict that sea levels will rise between 2.5 and 6.5 feet by the end of this century.</span><span class="s3"><sup></sup></span><span class="s1"> The result would be calamitous, and not merely to picturesque tourist destinations like Venice and Amsterdam. it would be disastrous to people living on the margins — economically, socially, and geographically — throughout the world.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">We are accustomed to war leading to refugees and displacement, but now global climate change is begetting its first refugees. The first Americans to suffer the sting are members of the Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw and the United Houma Nation, two Native American tribes living on the Isle de Jean Charles in the Louisiana coastal wetlands. Since the 1950s, their 15,000 acres have shrunk 98% due to rising sea levels, a consequence of global warming and melting polar ice. Today, the people of the Isle de Jean Charles have barely a quarter-mile by half mile strip of land on which to live, not nearly enough land to support their lives fishing, hunting, trapping and farming. Resettlement of the residents of the Isle de Jean Charles will disrupt their lives, culture, and community, and be both logistically challenging and extremely expensive. </span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The approximately 60 Biloxi-Chirimacha-Choctaw and United Houma Nation are not alone in facing the prospect of watching their beloved home sink below rising sea levels. Around the world, it is estimated that between 50 and 200 million people could be displaced within the next 35 years. The complexity of moving people, keeping families and communities together, is staggering, and often involves populations that are the poorest among the poor. The Federal Government has already designated $48 million to resettle the people of the Isle de Jean Charles — a staggering cost.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Rising sea levels have implications for the quality and salinity of groundwater. This effects water available for drinking water and agriculture. Rising sea levels disturb the ecological balance and diminish biodiversity in estuaries, coastal rivers, and already low-lying areas including tidal wetlands (consider the species that will be effected) and flat river deltas (including but not limited to the Amazon, Ganges, Indus, Mississippi, Niger, Nile, and Yangtze rivers). As is already evident, rising sea levels will increase the damage brought about by storms, floods, hurricanes and tropical cyclones; the resulting warmer waters and increased humidity will engender more tropical cyclones. </span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Water, so integral to the festival of Sukkot, is a life-sustaining blessing, but it can also be a life-threatening danger. Nature is a balancing act. Just as rain in the proper season and proper amount leads to a successful and nourishing harvest, so too oceans and seas at their proper levels sustain life for the plants and animals (including us) that inhabit the planet. Living outside in a sukkah reminds us of our intimate connection with the world around us. This includes the affect we are having on rising sea levels.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">© Rabbi Amy Scheinerman</span></span></div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-542559105556657102016-10-16T13:38:00.000-07:002016-10-16T13:38:43.904-07:00Open to the World / Sukkot 5777-2016<div class="p1">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1">In a fascinating irony of synagogue architecture, stained-glass windows often plug the very openings our Sages tell us we need when we pray. In the Babylonian Talmud, R. Yochanan teaches: </span><span class="s2"><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">One should only pray in a house with windows, as it says, <i>The windows of his upper chamber were open toward Jerusalem</i> (Daniel 6:11). (BT Berakhot 34b)</span></b></span><span class="s1"> In accord with R. Yochanan’s teaching, synagogues have windows so that those who pray within its walls do not sequester themselves from the world beyond. Rather, our meditations, petitions, and aspirations should be mediated by the windows, which connect us with the world beyond and God who is manifest everywhere. Stained-glass windows, however magnificent, constrain our visual focus to the room in which we sit; although the light that animates its art come from without, we run the risk that, without windows, our focus stops at the walls.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">If the requirement to pray in a room with windows enlarges our perspective, how much more so living in a sukkah, whose flimsy walls and open roof are open to the world. Indeed, one is <i>outside </i>when one sits <i>inside </i>the sukkah. And if the protective walls of the synagogue are an illusion that the world is contained with the facade of the synagogue, the sukkah exposed that illusion. Rabbi Alan Lew z”l wrote:</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">[A sukkah] exposes the idea of a house as an illusion. The idea of a house is the it gives us security shelter, haven from the storm. But no house can really offer us this. No building of wood and stone can ever afford us protection from the disorder that is always lurking all around us. No shell we put between us and the world can ever really keep us security from it. And we know this… In a sukkah, a house that is open to the world, a house that freely acknowledges that it cannot be the basis of our security, we let go of this need. The illusion of protection falls away, and suddenly we are flush with our life, feeling our life, following our life, doing its dance, one step after another. (<i>This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared</i>, pp. 266-7</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">All this talk about architectural forms is, of course, a metaphor and prescription for how we are to be in the world. Recently, I learned of a 98-year-old Mennonite minister who epitomizes R. Yochanan’s teaching with grace and compassion galore. Chester Wenger and his beloved wife, Sara Jane, raised eight children. When their son, Philip, came to them to tell him he was gay, Chester Wenger heard him with respect and regarded him with love, despite the teachings of his church. And when Philip, at age 35, was excommunicated by a church leader who neither sought to speak with Philip or even inform his parents, Wenger did not reject his church. When the state of Pennsylvania, in which he lives, legalized same-sex marriage in July 2014, Philip and his long time partner Steven immediately applied for a marriage license and subsequently asked Chester to officiate at their wedding and sign their marriage license. As a result of officiating at his son’s wedding, the Lancaster Conference of the Mennonite church “retired” Wenger’s clerical credentials. In other words, they withdrew his ordination. Yet Wenger still did not reject his church. Rather, he seeks to help them pry open some very old windows long painted shut.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In an <a href="https://themennonite.org/opinion/open-letter-beloved-church/" target="_blank">open letter</a> to the Mennonite Church, which has been read more than 278,000 times although the Mennonite Church has a total membership of ~100,000, Wenger expresses compassion for his community as well as unwavering support for his son and all those who have been marginalized. He writes:</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The world we live in is no longer the idyllic Eden. It is a broken, complex, messy, violent and yet wonderful world. God’s mercy-filled grace infuses our broken world with a goodness that keeps surprising us with joy—and healing. God’s grace also calls us to faithfully love God and neighbor above all else.</span></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Wenger calls upon his church community to learn the lesson we Jews learn from living for a week each autumn in our sukkot: To be open to the world. To open our minds and our hearts. To transcend the assumptions and bigotries that inform our thinking. To attend to the pain and experience of “our sons and daughters who are bullied, homeless, sexually abused, and driven to suicide at far higher rates than our heterosexual children.” Most of all, Chester Wenger asks his fellow-Mennonites to fling open the doors and windows of their worlds and breath in the air of love, respect, and acceptance. He writes:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">We know from Deuteronomy that eunuchs were a sexual minority, loathed and considered unacceptable for admission to the “assembly of the Lord” and yet in Isaiah 56 the Lord says: “Do not let the eunuch say, ‘I am just a dry tree.’… I will give them a name better than sons and daughters….for my house shall be called a house of prayer for all peoples … ”</span></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Malcolm Gladwell, in his podcast <i>Revisionist History</i>, recently interviewed Chester Wenger. Gladwell framed Wenger’s outlook, words, and actions as “generosity orthodoxy,” an approach that cherishes tradition while remaining open to the world, and is marked most of all by grace and love. Brian D. McLaren, author of <i>A Generous Orthodoxy</i>, writing from a Christian perspective—but in a universal tone—tells us:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">We must never underestimate our power to be wrong when talking about God, when thinking about God, when imagining God, whether in prose or in poetry. A generous orthodoxy, in contrast to the tense, narrow, or controlling orthodoxies of so much of Christian history, doesn't take itself too seriously. It is humble. It doesn't claim too much. It admits it walks with a limp.</span></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As I consider the loving and challenging balance Wenger has achieved, I am, like everyone, still digesting the ongoing revelations concerning one of the presidential contenders, his boasts about sexually assaulting women, the accusations of inappropriate sexual behavior that woman have leveled against him, and the crass responses of those (including the candidate) who dismiss his remarks as mere “locker room talk” and discount the painful testimony of his victims. This is anything but “generous orthodoxy.” This is the old-fashioned orthodoxy of white male supremacy, privilege, and entitlement—a decidedly <i>un</i>generous attitude toward everyone and everything.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">There is far too much <i>un</i>generous orthodox in the Jewish world today, as well. I needn’t cite examples; you know what I’m talking about. (But isn’t it interesting that women and homosexuals stand out prominently?) It’s not challenging to point a finger at others; it’s much more difficult to look within. Each of us has corners of ungenerous orthodoxy. Sukkot is a fine time to let cleansing rays of sunshine fill those corners, reveal them for what they are, and then take responsibility for them. We, the children of Israel, the offspring of Jacob, have walked with a limp since that famous wrestling match with the angel. But can we admit that we do? Do we have the humility to know the truth? </span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">May the open walls and roof of our sukkot open minds and hearts.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">© Rabbi Amy Scheinerman</span></span></div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-67955518710777599572016-09-15T17:36:00.003-07:002016-09-15T17:38:22.628-07:00We've Come a Long Way, Baby / Parshat Ki Teitzei 2016-5776<div class="Body" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">When I
was young, girls were not permitted to wear pants to the public school attended—dresses,
skirts, or jumpers were required. This impinged on what and how we played
during recess. Personally, I loved hanging upside down from the monkey bars and
flipping off them onto the ground, so I wore shorts under my skirt. My teacher
told me it was impermissible to wear shorts under my skirt because shorts weren’t
allowed. I pointed out that I was wearing a skirt, as required. She said yes,
but when I flipped upside down on the monkey bars, one could see my shorts. I
asked her if she would prefer to see my underwear, and told her to take it up
with my mother. Wisely, she didn’t. More significantly, the sexist dress code
of my childhood had repercussions for what girls and boys were exposed to and
encouraged to do. For example: In second grade the Cub Scouts were planning a
visit to a fire station where they would tour a hook-and-ladder truck and slide
down the firefighters’ pole. I pleaded with our Brownie troop leader to plan
the same field trip for us. She explained that this would not be possible
because we wore skirts. I told her I would wear shorts under my skirt. No go.
While the boys visited the fire station the following Tuesday, we girls sat in
a classroom hand-sewing burlap aprons with apple-shaped pockets for our
mothers. (You won’t be surprised to know that my mother never wore the one I
brought home. I could hardly blame her. Would you wear a burlap apron?) What
message did this deliver about what boys are capable of doing, and aspiring to
do? Upshot: I quit Brownies.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">In this
week’s <i>parashah</i>, <i>Ki Teitzei</i>, we find a prohibition against
wearing clothing that is not socially designated for one’s sex, perhaps the
earliest iteration of the school dress codes of my childhood. The Torah has in
mind cross-dressing.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">לֹא</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יִהְיֶה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כְלִי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">גֶבֶר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">עַל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אִשָּׁה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">וְלֹא</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יִלְבַּשׁ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">גֶּבֶר</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">שִׂמְלַת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אִשָּׁה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="DE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כִּי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">תוֹעֲבַת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">יְהוָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֱלֹהֶיךָ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">כָּל</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">עֹשֵׂה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אֵלֶּה</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri";">A woman must not put on man’s
apparel, nor shall a man wear woman’s clothing; for whoever does this things is
abhorrent to Adonai your God. (Deuteronomy 22:5)</span></b><b><span style="color: #006a9e; font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">Rashi’s
(11th century, France) commentary on the verse has prevailed through time.
Rashi explains that “a man’s item/utensil” means “that she should not appear
like a man so she can go out among men, for this is only for the purposes of
adultery.” Concerning “woman’s clothing” he writes: “So he can go and be among
the women.” And concerning <i>to’eivah, </i>which is variously translated “abomination”
or “abhorrence,” he tells us: “The Torah forbids only garments that might lead
to a <i>to’eiva </i>(abomination)<i>.” </i>Is Rashi saying that the purpose of
the law is to restrict behavior that could lead to sexual impropriety? Or is he
saying that <i>if </i>the purpose of dressing like the other sex is to engage
in sexual impropriety, only then it is forbidden? <i>Sefer ha-Chinukh</i> (13th
century, Spain) sides with the former interpretation: “The root of this
commandment is to keep us from sexual sin… and there is no doubt that if men
and women’s clothing were the same, [men and women] would mix and the earth
would be filled with impropriety.” But the Shulchan Arukh permits
cross-dressing on Purim, because its purpose is <i>simchah </i>(happiness,
which is a mitzvah on the festival) and not fraud. Hence, it weighs in on the
side of the latter interpretation of Rashi. Clearly, there is no universal ban
on cross-dressing derived from Torah.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">The
effects of Deuteronomy 22:5 have been felt beyond the realm of clothing; this
verse has been used to render halakhic rulings on whether and where men and
women may shave the hair on their bodies or dye it. (Although you may be
plotzing for the details, I don’t have room to delving into them here.) But
does anyone truly believe that cross-dressing is a ploy to commit adultery?</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">Where
once the concern was the style of clothing men and women wore as well as
possibility of men <i>appearing </i>like women and vice versa (remember <i>Yentl</i>?),
today concern is expressed about</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> far more: sexual orientation and people whose
gender identities don’t conform with what others believe they ought to be, with
implications for marriage, the use of public accommodations, the dispensing of
medical services, and much more.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSZ73yUY1vXG0stnxwbubBCSbxHlX_0fIwTG6Ny7T00wp4OfBA8at14lnMoPIxo7E6j8lGgZjfbOm1OSVVUmYccqeE_cvPc-1Mb0oiJEtvndQo5rSaBpid0W0IaJeuii1VxPLNJeCtegI/s1600/gender-neutral-bathroom-sign.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSZ73yUY1vXG0stnxwbubBCSbxHlX_0fIwTG6Ny7T00wp4OfBA8at14lnMoPIxo7E6j8lGgZjfbOm1OSVVUmYccqeE_cvPc-1Mb0oiJEtvndQo5rSaBpid0W0IaJeuii1VxPLNJeCtegI/s320/gender-neutral-bathroom-sign.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">Today
the war in our changing understanding of the fundamentals of being human takes
place in the arena of rest rooms and locker rooms. And sadly, it is a war, with
far too many people firing shots and far too few listening and considering what
those on the firing line are thinking, feeling, and experiencing in their
lives. R</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">ancorous
</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">debate about the use of rest rooms and
locker rooms by transgender people who refuse to live secret lives of shame
(thank goodness!) has vaulted to the the headlines again and again. We should
be grateful for their courage to teach a stubborn society that the binary
nature of our social accommodations is problematic, as are the labels “male” and
“female,” slapped on at birth based on <i>apparent</i> anatomy, but not
necessarily reflecting an individual’s identity and experience of themselves.
And it is high time to recognize that the obdurate and inflexible insistence by
far too many “religious” people that ancient Scriptural stories read in a
limited literal manner do not accurately define humanity in the face of
abundant scientific and human evidence to the contrary.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">In the
Jewish community, the response has been predictable. Many (but not all) in the
Orthodox world doubled-down on their rejection of same-sex marriage. In the
wake of President Obama’s endorsement of same-sex marriage, Agudath Israel of
America declared, “We hereby state, clearly and without qualification, that the
Torah forbids homosexual acts, and sanctions only the union of a man and a
woman in matrimony. The Orthodox Jewish constituency represented by Agudath
Israel of America, as well as countless other Jews who respect the Jewish
religious tradition, remain staunch in their opposition to redefining marriage.”</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria";">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> Yet Torah does <i>not</i> portray marriage as “a
union a man and a woman.” Abraham and two wives simultaneously; Jacob had four
wives and children with each. </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">Although
Torah imagines a gender-binary universe, Talmud is well aware of people who don’t
fit neatly into binary gender categories. The Rabbis discuss </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אנדרוגינוס</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "cambria";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">androginos
</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">(hermaphrodites), </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">טומטום</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "cambria";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">tumtum
</span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">(indeterminate gender because
genitalia are </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">“</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: NL;">hidden</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">”), </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">אילונית</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "cambria";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">eylonit </span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">(a masculine woman), and </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "arial unicode ms"; mso-ansi-language: HE;">סריס</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "cambria";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: NL;">saris </span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">(a
feminine man). For the most part, the criteria for discerning which category a
person fits into pertains to anatomy because that is what they understood—but
they recognized there is more variety than simply “males” and “females.” </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">In the
responsa literature we find questions raised by people whose gender and
identity do not conform to Torah’s claim concerning the nature of humanity.
What is most striking is that alternative ways of being human are acknowledged
and affirmed; it is halakhic questions about marriage and divorce that are
debated—and it is not always the case that the latter (marriage) impugns the
former (identity). Let me explain further.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">In a
volume of responsa entitled <i>Besamim Rosh, </i>usually attributed to R. Asher
b. Yehiel (Rabbeinu Asher, early 14th century, Spain), sexual identity for the
purposes of halakhah is taken to be a function of genitalia, not secondary
characteristics. The question posed is whether a man whose genitalia have been
removed must divorce his wife in order to effect dissolution of their marriage,
or whether the sexual transformation effects dissolution of the marriage
automatically because </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">“</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">a new body has
appeared and is comparable to a woman’</span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: PT;">s.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">” No
definitive conclusion is reached in the responsum concerning whether divorce is
required, but the responsum holds that the transgendered person is no longer
competent to contract marriage as a man. At first blush, this seems like a
problematic decision, but in addition to recalling that this was written in the
14th century, let me point tout that Rabbi Eliezer Waldenberg (d. 2006),
referring to <i>Besamim Rosh </i>writes that if a person has changed in such a
way so as to be unable to contract a marriage as a male, this automatically
terminates any existing marriage.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria";">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> He thereby acknowledges that the surgery affects a
halakhic change in sexual identity. We might well argue (as I certainly would)
that the halakhic change in sexual identity does not terminate the existing
marriage, but if the couple chooses to end the marriage, that is their right.
But even Rabbi Waldenberg acknowledges that a man can become a woman.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">The
reciprocal case is found in a responsum of R. Yosef Pelaggi (<i>Yosef et Ehav </i>3:5),
wherein he acknowledges that sexual reassignment surgery changes one’s sexual
status. Written in the 19th century, it concerns a woman who underwent surgery
to acquire the sexual characteristics of a male. Pelaggi concludes that divorce
is not necessary to dissolve the marriage because the woman <i>has become a man</i>.
Here is a portion of the responsum:</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Question</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: A question came if a <i>get </i>[divorce decree]
is necessary if this should happen, namely, Reuven married a woman in the
manner that Jewish women get married, and he had intercourse with her as men
and women do, and after a number of years something occurred to her and she
changed from a woman to a man in all ways. What is the law concerning this woman
who was a woman and a married woman, and then became a man? Does Reuven have to
divorce her with a <i>get</i> in accordance with Jewish Law since she was his
wife, a married woman, or perhaps he doesn’t have to give her a <i>get</i>
since she isn’t a married woman but a man.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b><i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Answer</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: …In regard to our question it seems that a <i>get</i>
is not necessary for he is a man now and not a woman. The <i>get</i> procedure
is that the man gives a <i>get</i> to his wife and writes in the <i>get</i></span></b><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: PT;"> “</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri";">you my wife,” and we have no woman before us but rather
a man…and he also writes in the <i>get</i></span></b><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: PT;"> “</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri";">you are permitted to any man” and she is not a
woman who is permitted to any man...therefore in my humble opinion it seems
that Reuven does not have to give a <i>get</i> to his wife who became a
complete man.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">These
responsa establish a strong halakhic precedent for acknowledging that not all
human beings fit into a narrow binary universe and that a sex change actually
affects a change in one’</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">s sex</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">Joy
Ladin, a transgender woman who teaches English at Stern College for Women of
Yeshiva University, writes movingly of her own experience as a transgender
person:</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Because my family wasn't religious, I didn't grow
up with institutionalized voices insisting that the Torah has no room for
people like me. In fact, when I started reading the Torah on my own – I was 9
or 10 – I saw God AS someone like me, someone struggling to join a human
community despite lacking a body that human beings could see, love, understand.
The Torah portrays the Israelites as unable to perceive, conceive or even
believe in the presence of God even after decades of visible daily miracles,
like manna.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri";">To me, God's rage at not being perceived and
frustrated longing for love seemed to reflect my own feelings as a closeted
transkid. So even though the Torah said that God abhorred me for crossdressing,
I clung to it, because the Torah was the only text, the only voice that spoke
to my transgender fears and longings. To me, the Torah was not just a Tree of
Life – it was the Tree of my Life, rooting my struggles in the
three-thousand-year-old struggles of the Jewish people, leading me along its
ramifying branches toward the God who, inexplicably, had created me.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Jewish tradition holds that every Jewish soul is
represented by a letter in the Torah. So when I say the Torah speaks to me as a
transgender Jew, I'm expressing a radically but profoundly traditional view – because
tradition insists that I too am part of the Torah, that its stories are my
stories, that its paths are mine. And why shouldn't they be? Being transgender
is just a particular mode of being human, and despite all the space devoted to
God, the Torah is essentially about being human</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "cambria";">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">Kol
ha-kavod </span></i><span style="font-family: "cambria";">to Yeshiva University for
awarding Joy Ladin tenure when she was a man, and for promoting her to full
professor following her transition. I hope that the Orthodox movements arise to
more enlightened direction halakhah is moving. It is time to forge ahead with
compassion, not hide behind fear and insecurity. As for the liberal Jewish
world, most everyone’s on board. You might be interested in the following:</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #008cb4; font-family: "cambria"; line-height: 120%; position: relative; top: 1pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="https://www.urj.org/what-we-believe/resolutions/resolution-rights-transgender-and-gender-non-conforming-people"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">The Reform Movement’s resolution the rights of
transgender and gender non-conforming people</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">, affirming its commitment to full equality and
inclusion of all gender identities and expressions, and complete protection for
all people, regardless of gender identity.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin-left: 11.9pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -11.9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #008cb4; font-family: "cambria"; line-height: 120%; position: relative; top: 1pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">The </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/story/resolution-affirming-rights-transgender-and-gender-non-conforming-people"><span style="font-family: "cambria";">Conservative Movement’s Rabbinical Assembly's
resolution</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> affirming rights
of transgender and gender non-conforming people encourages all branches of the
Conservative Movement to strive to be welcoming and inclusive, and supports the
civil rights of transgender and gender non-conforming people.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">© Rabbi Amy
Scheinerman</span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
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<div class="Footnote">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light";">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
http://www.cross-currents.com/archives/2012/05/09/agudath-israel-statement-on-same-sex-marriage/.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="Footnote">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light";">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> <i>Tzitz Eliezer</i>
X, no. 25, chap. 26, sec. 6.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="Footnote">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1782952637747319801#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "helvetica light";">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Joy Ladin, </span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Reading Between the
Angels: How Torah Speaks to Transgender Jews,” accessible at </span><span class="Hyperlink0"><a href="http://www.hrc.org/files/images/general/NassoREV_(3).pdf"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">http://www.hrc.org/files/images/general/NassoREV_(3).pdf</span></a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">.
Ladin has published five books of poetry and one memoir: <i>Through the Door of
Life: A Jewish Journey Between Genders</i> (2012).</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1782952637747319801.post-13518696131271279262016-09-09T15:08:00.002-07:002016-09-09T15:08:16.152-07:00The Problem of Prayer / Parshat Shoftim 2016-5776<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">A friend called this morning and described a shabbat morning service he recently attended with his family. It was three hours long; it covered many pages of dense liturgy, included long scriptural readings (in Hebrew, of course), and was punctuated by numerous speakers who droned on about matters that were meaningful only to their family members but not to the rest of the community. Although he was primed to appreciate the service as an opportunity for prayer and learning, he found himself mostly waiting for an opportunity to get up and stretch his legs. Does my friend’s experience sound familiar to you? Have you, as the expression goes, “been there and done that”?</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">For many of us, prayer and study in a service are a challenge on several levels. Prayer requires both an intellectual background to understand the structure of the service and the meaning of the prayers, and then enormous concentration, focus, and effort to actually engage with the service in a productive way. By nature, we are easily distracted. If we find it difficult to focus and truly pray, or truly learn from the Torah and Haftarah readings, this shouldn’t come as a surprise.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Some comfort and help comes to us from the 18th century hasidic master, Rabbi Ze’ev Wolf of Zhytomir, a disciple of Dov Baer, the Maggid of Mezeritch through his novel interpretation of a passage in this week’s parashah, <i>Shoftim</i>, that is not about prayer at all—it’s about war. And further insight comes from the great 20th century mind and soul of Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel. Both Ze’ev Wolf and Heschel understood just how difficult real prayer is.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Let’s begin with <i>parshat Shoftim. </i>Toward the end of the parashah, we find a discussion of war that opens with these words:</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> כִּי-תֵצֵא לַמִּלְחָמָה עַל-אֹיְבֶךָ, וְרָאִיתָ סוּס וָרֶכֶב עַם רַב מִמְּךָ--לֹא תִירָא, מֵהֶם: כִּי-יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ עִמָּךְ, הַמַּעַלְךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם. <b>וְהָיָה</b>, כְּקָרָבְכֶם אֶל-הַמִּלְחָמָה; וְנִגַּשׁ הַכֹּהֵן, וְדִבֶּר אֶל-הָעָם. וְאָמַר אֲלֵהֶם שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל, אַתֶּם קְרֵבִים הַיּוֹם לַמִּלְחָמָה עַל-אֹיְבֵיכֶם; אַל-יֵרַךְ לְבַבְכֶם, אַל-תִּירְאוּ וְאַל-תַּחְפְּזוּ וְאַל-תַּעַרְצוּ—מִפְּנֵיהֶם.</span></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">When you take the field against your enemies, and see horses and chariots—forces larger than yours—have no fear of them, for Adonai your God, who brought you from the land of Egypt, is with you. <b>It shall be</b> when you draw near to battle, that the priest shall come forward and address the troops. He shall say to them, “Hear, O Israel! You are about to join battle with your enemies. Do not let your courage falter. Do not be fear, or in panic, or in dread of them. (Deuteronomy 20:1–3)</span></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Rabbi Ze’ev Wolf points out that the word וְהָיָה<i> </i>(“It shall be”) is usually a term expressing joy, but what joy could there be in war? He thereupon offers us a novel interpretation of the passage that encapsulates a keen psychological insight. With Rosh Chodesh Elul now behind us, and Rosh Hashanah only a few weeks away, our thoughts turn to two of the most difficult tasks before us: prayer and study. There will be plenty of both throughout the High Holy Days, but for many people they are difficult, confounding, confusing, impenetrable. Ze’ev Wolf understands that for many people they are so challenging that <i>they </i>are the enemy with whom we feel we are doing battle:</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It appears that the hidden meaning here refers to study and prayer, which are the essential battles we face through life. <i>Happy is the one who fills his quiver with them </i>(Psalm 127:5), shooting arrows at [the wicked angel] Samael. Have sharply pointed “arrows” in your hand, arouse yourself with letters filled with love and fear. Then let your heart trust that you will come to victory and not defeat.</span></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Most people, we see, come to the inner heart-work of prayer bearing <i>neither words nor speech; their voice is not heard </i>(Psalm 19:4). Only their bodies sway, like trees in the forest. The battle is heavily turned against these people; they have fear in their hearts before the enemy who dwells within. That foe, the evil urge, takes away their weapons of war, the letters, reforming them into words that support the foe, confounding their minds with vain, worldly thoughts. Indeed they have no arrows to shoot into the darkness, to triumph in chasing this hidden one from their heart. This is indeed defeat. When they turn to study and prayer, they come away empty-handed.</span></span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Does this sound familiar to you? Does this reflect your sense of things and your experience? Do you go to synagogue and find that the words of prayer and Torah don’t move you, don’t speak to you, don’t penetrate into your soul? There is an internal battle, Ze’ev Wolf affirms, raging inside us for our attention. Even when we struggle to focus on prayer and study and get something out of the service, the idiom of traditional prayer may be foreign to us and we are sometimes easily distracted from the task at hand. </span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Rabbi Ze’ev Wolf goes on to say that most people are consumed by the quotidian of life: earning a living, raising a family. “They spend most of their years in pursuit of food and clothing. Service, the real reason they were created, is forgotten from their hearts.” This is why Torah employs the term וְהָיָה<i> </i>(“It shall be”)—when we <i>take the field against our enemies </i>“in the war of study and prayer,” vanquishing thoughts that distract us from seeing realizing our true purpose in life, we are headed toward a joyous victory. He suggests that the very effort is, itself, success, and that any success, however small, is a major victory—one that should bring us joy.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, in the 20th century, couched the problem of prayer somewhat differently. He noted that contemporary psychology (of the time) tended to understand prayer in terms of what it accomplishes for the one who prays. Whether or not this is an appropriate metric, using a beautiful analogy from music, Heschel asserts:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="s1">The drive toward practical consequences is not the force that inspires a person at the moment of his chanting praise to God. Even in supplication, the thought of aid or protection does not constitute the inner act of prayer. The hope of results may be the motive that leads the mind into prayer, but not the content which fills the worshipper’s consciousness in the essential moment of prayer. The artist may give a concert for the sake of promised remuneration, but in the moment when he is passionately seeking with his fingertips the vast swarm of swift and secret sounds, the consideration of subsequent reward is far from his mind. His whole being is immersed in the music. The slightest shift of attention, the emergence of any ulterior motive, would break his intense concentration, and his single-minded devotion would collapse, his control of the instrument would fail… Prayer, too, is primarily <i>kavanah </i>[intention, direction of the heart], the yielding of the entire being to one goal, the gather of the soul into focus. (</span><i>Moral Grandeur and Spiritual Audacity, </i>ed. Susannah Heschel. 1996: Farrar, Staus and Giroux, p. 348.)</span></blockquote>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">For Heschel, a prayer service is a venue for achieving a spiritual experience—however you understand that. The prayers, themselves, are a springboard into your own consciousness. You need not understand them (or intend them) literally. The <i>experience </i>of prayer is key. For some, that might be inner exploration. For some, it might be meditative. For some, the beauty of the prayers and music might be transcendent. For some, being amidst community might be transporting. For some, the texts of prayer and scripture might be revelatory. </span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Combining the views and insights of Ze’ev Wolf and Heschel, here’s my take: Don’t worry about achieving total focus and concentration through the service. Find meaning where you can, allow the tunes to transport you, enjoy the ruach, schmooze with people you are happy to see, and don’t forget to have a nosh before you go.</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">© Rabbi Amy Scheinerman</span></span></div>
Rabbi Amy Scheinermanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15276456247315972887noreply@blogger.com0