Religious Violence and Morality

In the past few parshiot we have met some unsavory characters — types we recognize in the 21st century— two in particular.

            The first is Korach, every society’s nightmare. See if you recognize him: He has a measure of authority and is hungry for real power. He wants the power for its own sake. He’ll do anything to get it. He’ll say anything, deride anyone. He stands in the public square and claims that Moses and Aaron have set themselves above the people, claiming authority they shouldn’t have (completely ignoring that it was God who put Moses in that position and, in fact, Moses didn’t really want the job). He plays on people’s fears and resentments, and gathers followers who are easily blinded by their selfish desires. He stages a revolt with the intent to install himself as supreme leader with complete control.

            The second is Pinchas, the vigilante. He sees people behavi
ng in a way he finds morally reprehensible and, without consideration for due justice — trial, evidence, witnesses, impartial judge — he kills them. For him, murdering them is justified capital punishment, it’s godly, it’s the epitome of righteousness. To make matters worse, Torah concurs, placing into God’s mouth the words, “I grant [Pinchas] My pact of friendship” (Numbers 25:12) in gratitude for his zealous violence.

            Some of this sounds much too current, doesn’t it? All we need do is open a newspaper or log onto an internet news source and we find that Korachs and Pinchas abound. Both biblical stories end with people suffering and dying. The real life cases do, too.

            Noting that the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal once wrote, “Men never do evil so completely and cheerfully as when they do it from religious conviction,” Rabbi Jonathan Sacks has honestly and candidly written in his book, Not in God’s Name: Confronting Religious Violence:

Too often in the history of religion, people have killed in the name of the God of life, waged war in the name of the God of peace, hated in the name of the God of love and practised cruelty in the name of the God of compassion. When this happens, God speaks, sometimes in a still, small voice almost inaudible beneath the clamour of those claiming to speak on his behalf. What [God] says at such times is: Not in My Name.^[1]

            Rabbi Donniell Hartman of the Hartman Institute in Jerusalem, recently published a book with the intriguing and challenging title, “Putting God Second.”^[2] He offers a similar observation:

…religious advocates fail to acknowledge God’s undeniable role throughout human history, and into the present, as an animating force for war, murder, and all manner of moral blindness. Our sacred texts, as well as the lived reality of religion and its adherent from time immemorial, are covered in the blood of innocents. To deny that God commands believers to wield the sword in God’s name is to ignore the reality of our religious texts and history.^[3]

Noting that “more and more people are being killed daily in the name of one god or another,”^[4] Hartman says that religion can be employed to inculcate moral blindness of two particular types: (1) “God Intoxication” is when one is so focused on God that they lose sight of human beings and no longer show empathy for compassion for them, reserving it all for God and God alone. (2) “God Manipulation” is when God is presumed to intercede on behalf of one particular group or tribe, elevating them above all others. Both lead to devaluing “others” and even butchering them in the name of the God who is loved above humanity and who presumably loves one group above all others. Here it is in Hartman’s words:

…pious humility is a primary catalyst for the moral blindness of God Intoxication. Conversely the religious consciousness of dignity, self-empowerment, and self-assertion—qualities both assumed in and required by any covenant partner with God—are the psychological foundations of God Manipulation. It is precisely when the idea of being chosen by God meets a human being imbued with self-worth that the seeds of arrogance, self-aggrandizement and ultimately moral blindness can flourish. Instead of chosenness being a catalyst to serve God, it co-opts God into the service of humankind. When a self-confident human encounters God, he or she can catalyze the God Manipulation that blinds humanity to the needs of others who they do not believe are as worthy as they to sojourn so close to God.^[5]

It is not just that history is replete with examples of both “God intoxication” and “God manipulation.” The bigger problem is that our world today is filled with both. And people are dying daily.

            Hartman argues passionately for the primacy and autonomy of moral good, whose underpinnings also come from Torah. Against these two types of religious moral blindness stands the human conscience and capacity for moral judgment. Humans — our tradition recognizes — have an enormous capacity for justice, decency, and morality. Abraham not only objected to God’s plan to annihilate S’dom and G’morrah, but even challenged God to live up to the very standards God had promulgated:

חָלִלָה לָּךְ--הֲשֹׁפֵט כָּל-הָאָרֶץ, לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה מִשְׁפָּט

 Far be it from You [to do such a thing]! Shall not the judge of all the world do justly? (Genesis 18:25)

When God thought to wipe out the entire Israelite nation because they built a Golden Calf to worship, Moses stood his ground on the mountain and said:

 וַיְחַל מֹשֶׁה, אֶת-פְּנֵי יְהוָה אֱלֹהָיו; וַיֹּאמֶר, לָמָה יְהוָה יֶחֱרֶה אַפְּךָ בְּעַמֶּךָ, אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, בְּכֹחַ גָּדוֹל וּבְיָד חֲזָקָה. לָמָּה יֹאמְרוּ מִצְרַיִם לֵאמֹר, בְּרָעָה הוֹצִיאָם לַהֲרֹג אֹתָם בֶּהָרִים, וּלְכַלֹּתָם, מֵעַל פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה; שׁוּב מֵחֲרוֹן אַפֶּךָ, וְהִנָּחֵם עַל-הָרָעָה לְעַמֶּךָ… וַיִּנָּחֶם, יְהוָה, עַל-הָרָעָה, אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר לַעֲשׂוֹת לְעַמּוֹ

Moses implored Adonai his God, saying, “Do not let Your anger, O Lord, blaze forth against Your people, whom You delivered from the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand. Do not let the Egyptians say, ‘It was with evil intent that [their God] delivered them, only to kill them off in the mountains and annihilate them from the face of the earth.’ turn from Your lazing anger, and renounce  the plan to punish Your people….And Adonai renounced the punishment [God] had planned to bring upon [God’s] people. (Exodus 32:11-12, 14)

            Yet another—and wonderful— example is found in this week’s parashah. With our minds filled with the stories of Korach and Pinchas, which have painted a backdrop of the worst of religion, Torah tells the story of the daughters of Zelophchad whose biggest achievement — the only lasting accomplishment that we know of — is having fathered and raised five strong and courageous daughters who have a keen insight into justice. Their names (and it’s unusual for Torah to bother telling us the names of women, so the biblical author clearly admired them): Machlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirtzah. Their father, Zelophchad, dies leaving no sons. Accordingly, once the Israelites reach the Land of Israel, his inheritance will pass to another clan. Machlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirtzah recognize the fundamental injustice of prevailing custom and appeal to Moses, who takes their complaint to God. God affirms the validity of their criticism, and the law is changed.

            Would that it always happened this way. But it doesn’t because “God intoxication” and “God manipulation” intervene to thwart justice and morality all too often. Human beings are fragile and insecure creatures, and sometimes the worst among us hide their insecurity behind a facade of power, control, and violence. That, too, undoubtedly sounds familiar to you. But thank goodness for examples like Zelophchad’s daughters, who teach us how it ought to be done.

            Let me close by sharing with you words from Hartman’s conclusion:

I believe that faith is less about balance than about passion and commitment, and the challenge Jewish tradition poses here is to recognize both humility and empowered self-confidence as essential features of a life with God: to embody each, in its own time and place, as fully as possible.

           

© Rabbi Amy Scheinerman

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^[1] Jonathan Sacks, Not in God’s Name: Confronting Religious Violence (2015: Schocken).

^[2] Donniell Hartman, Putting God Second: How to Save Religion From Itself (2016: Beacon Press).

^[3] Ibid., p. 159.

^[4] Ibid., p. 43.

^[5] Ibid., 168.

Death in Living Color / Parshat Chukkat 2016-5776

Last week the phone rang. The caller asked if I would lead a shiva minyan for her family because the rabbi who had officiated at the funeral was obligated elsewhere. When I arrived, her uncle said, “As sad as this loss is, I have wonderful memories of my brother’s death. You were there. Do you remember?” I certainly did. His brother had been in a hospice facility, no longer responsive by the time I was called in because I am a hospice rabbi. When I first arrived, and each time I visited, he was surrounded by his large and loving family: siblings, cousins, children, nieces and nephews, all their spouses. There was a mixture of both sadness and partying in the air—tears and laughter in two-part harmony. They were holding vigil and someone was with him around the clock. After several days, I brought everyone together and suggested that their loved one might prefer to die alone, with no one else present.  In particular, I suspected that he did not want to die with his wife present. His wife and soulmate was in the beginning stages of dementia and confused about what was happening. I suspected that he didn’t want her to see him die. I explained this to the relatives and asked them to each say goodbye, assure him of their
 commitment to care for his wife, and tell him that they were leaving for an hour to get dinner and he would be alone for that hour. They weren’t entirely comfortable with this suggestion but, to their credit, they were willing to trust me—at least for one hour. At 5:30 pm they all said goodbye, promised they would care for his wife, and told him they were going for dinner and would not be back for an hour. At 5:40 pm, he passed away. “Ten minutes! Just ten minutes after we left, he died!” the brother recalled at the shiva minyan. “That was exactly what he needed—to do it on his own terms.”

Parshat Chukkat is saturated with accounts of death and concerns for mortality. (Not exactly summer beach reading.) Sometimes we feel overwhelmed by death. In Chukkat, we read the accounts of the deaths of two great souls: Miriam and Aaron. Miriam dies in Kadesh in the wilderness of Tzin. Surprisingly, despite saving Moses’ life when he was an infant and her role as a prophet and leader of the people for four decades in the Wilderness, Torah devotes precisely five Hebrew words to her passing (I need seven to translate) and without telling us that the people mourned her passing: Miriam died there and was buried there (Numbers 20:1). The well that accompanied the Israelites through the wilderness on Miriam’s account disappeared when she died. The Israelites immediately complain and quarrel with Moses about water—they fear they will die of thirst. The old trop of how much better life was in Egypt is resurrected: Why did you make us leave Egypt to bring us to this wretched place, a place with no grain or figs or vines or pomegranates? There is not even water to drink! (Numbers 20:5-6) Moses must return to an earlier method of bringing water: striking a rock with his staff. Most likely because Moses was consumed with grief over the passing of his beloved sister, he loses his temper and strikes the rock twice in anger. Water emerges, but God promulgates the harsh decree that Moses will not enter Eretz Yisrael with the people, Because you did not trust Me enough to affirm My sanctity in the sight of the Israelite people (Numbers 20:12). Moses, too, will die in the wilderness. It is then time to move on and the people need to pass through the territory of Edom. Moses sends a message ahead containing Israel’s promise to the Edomites: We will not pass through fields or vineyards, and we will not drink water from wells. We will follow the king’s highway turning off neither to the right nor to the left until we have crossed your territory. (Numbers 20:17). Edom refuses to grant Israel passage even after Moses offers to pay for any water they consume, and instead sends a heavily armed force to back up their refusal with the threat of violence and death. The Israelites arrive at Mount Hor. God instructs Moses to strip Aaron of his priestly garments and place them on Elazar, Aaron’s son, who is designated to be the next High Priest. Aaron died there on the summit of the mountain… All the house of Israel bewailed Aaron thirty days (Numbers 20:28-29). Two deaths and the decree of a third. After thirty days of mourning, the Israelites set out from Mount Hor by way of the Sea of Reeds in order to skirt the land of Edom. And again the people take up the trop, “Why did you make us leave Egypt to die in the wilderness? There is no bread and no water, and we have come to loathe this miserable food.” (Numbers 21:4-5) At this, God attacks the people with seraph serpents that bite and kill many. Miriam and Aaron are dead, along with all those bitten by the seraphim, and in between the people fear they will die of thirst or at the hands of the Edomites. It seems that death gives way to more death and even more death.

           

Fearing and abhorring death is a measure of how much we love life. But it is not the only attitude toward death one can hold nor the only way to express love of life. I recently read Deathbed Wisdom of the Hasidic Masters (2016: Jewish Lights Publishing) by Rabbis Joel H. Baron and Sara Paasche-Orlow. Their joint project is a lovely translation, annotation, and expansion of Benjamin Mintz’s Sefer ha-Histalkut (“Book of Departure”), originally published in 1930, which contains forty-two accounts of the final days and the deaths of hasidic masters from the Baal Shem Tov (d. 1760) through his disciples’ disciples’ disciples at the end of the 19th century. Baron and Paasche-Orlow’s translation includes explanations of Scriptural references and rituals mentioned in the stories, and also a generous menu of essays on topics ranging from pragmatic concerns (e.g., dealing with dementia, depression, doctors, and cemeteries) to religious and spiritual concerns (e.g., meditation, liminality, unification, and talking with God). Many will be surprised to learn that for the hasidim, death is considered a joyous occasion, the moment when one will finally be fully united with God. Many of the stories recount singing and dancing toward the end of life. Rebbbe Nachman of Bratzlav continued to teach, tell stories of the Baal Shem Tov, and pray until the very end. R. Menachem Mendel of Kotzk refused medication and the services of a doctor. His loved ones called a doctor anyway, so he refused to speak to anyone. R. Yitzhak Meir Rotenberg-Alter spent his last hours teaching Talmud to his young grandson, and then covered himself with a tallit (perhaps so the child would not see his beloved grandfather die). The stories reflect all the realities we are familiar with: people who want to push death away for a while longer, people who are ready to die, people who are seek to make connections with their loved ones and students before passing, and those who push everyone away and wish to be alone.

 As a hospice chaplain, I see all these approaches to dying, from those who make their hospice room party central, to those who stop communicating and withdraw into their own thoughts and feelings. Each person has their own Torah for dying, and many of us might not know what ours is until the moment arrives. But thinking about what dying can be affords us the opportunity, if we also have the possibility, to shape our leave-taking to some degree. Just as how we live our lives determines our legacy, so too how we take leave of life is part of the legacy we leave those closest to us.

The stories of death and mortality in Parshat Chukkat are bookended by passages about life: Chukkat opens with the ritual of the red heifer, an arcane ritual purification practice that removed the taint of tuma’ah (ritual impurity) imparted by contact with death. At the other end, Chukkat closes with a note about a be’er (“well”) — water being the quintessence of life in the desert — and Israel’s conquest of the Amorites and Bashan just prior to arriving in Jericho. The well brings water — life-giving, life-sustaining water. Certainly we’d much prefer to think about and plan for living, rather than dying. But our leave-taking is not only part of our life (the last chapter) but a significant part of the lives of those who love us.

© Rabbi Amy Scheinerman